ROOT::RDataFrame Class Reference

ROOT's RDataFrame offers a modern, high-level interface for analysis of data stored in TTree , CSV and other data formats, in C++ or Python.

In addition, multi-threading and other low-level optimisations allow users to exploit all the resources available on their machines completely transparently.
Skip to the class reference or keep reading for the user guide.

In a nutshell:

ROOT::EnableImplicitMT(); // Tell ROOT you want to go parallel
ROOT::RDataFrame d("myTree", "file_*.root"); // Interface to TTree and TChain
auto myHisto = d.Histo1D("Branch_A"); // This books the (lazy) filling of a histogram
myHisto->Draw(); // Event loop is run here, upon first access to a result

Calculations are expressed in terms of a type-safe functional chain of actions and transformations, RDataFrame takes care of their execution. The implementation automatically puts in place several low level optimisations such as multi-thread parallelization and caching.

For the impatient user

You can directly see RDataFrame in action in our tutorials, in C++ or Python.

Table of Contents

• Cheat sheet
• Introduction
• Crash course
• Working with collections
• Transformations: manipulating data
• Actions: getting results
• Distributed execution in Python
• Performance tips and parallel execution
• More features
  • Systematic variations
  • RDataFrame objects as function arguments and return values
  • Storing RDataFrame objects in collections
  • Executing callbacks every N events
  • Default column lists
  • Special helper columns: `rdfentry_` and `rdfslot_`
  • Just-in-time compilation: column type inference and explicit declaration of column types
  • User-defined custom actions
  • Dataset joins with friend trees
  • Reading data formats other than ROOT trees
  • Computation graphs (storing and reusing sets of transformations)
  • Visualizing the computation graph
  • Activating RDataFrame execution logs
  • Creating an RDataFrame from a dataset specification file
  • Adding a progress bar
  • Working with missing values in the dataset
• Efficient analysis in Python
• Class reference

Cheat sheet

These are the operations which can be performed with RDataFrame.

Transformations

Transformations are a way to manipulate the data.

Transformation	Description
Alias()	Introduce an alias for a particular column name.
DefaultValueFor()	If the value of the input column is missing, provide a default value instead.
Define()	Create a new column in the dataset. Example usages include adding a column that contains the invariant mass of a particle, or a selection of elements of an array (e.g. only the pts of "good" muons).
DefinePerSample()	Define a new column that is updated when the input sample changes, e.g. when switching tree being processed in a chain.
DefineSlot()	Same as Define(), but the user-defined function must take an extra unsigned int slot as its first parameter. slot will take a different value, 0 to nThreads - 1, for each thread of execution. This is meant as a helper in writing thread-safe Define() transformation when using RDataFrame after ROOT::EnableImplicitMT(). DefineSlot() works just as well with single-thread execution: in that case slot will always be 0.
DefineSlotEntry()	Same as DefineSlot(), but the entry number is passed in addition to the slot number. This is meant as a helper in case the expression depends on the entry number. For details about entry numbers in multi-threaded runs, see here.
Filter()	Filter rows based on user-defined conditions.
FilterAvailable()	Specialized Filter. If the value of the input column is available, keep the entry, otherwise discard it.
FilterMissing()	Specialized Filter. If the value of the input column is missing, keep the entry, otherwise discard it.
Range()	Filter rows based on entry number (single-thread only).
Redefine()	Overwrite the value and/or type of an existing column. See Define() for more information.
RedefineSlot()	Overwrite the value and/or type of an existing column. See DefineSlot() for more information.
RedefineSlotEntry()	Overwrite the value and/or type of an existing column. See DefineSlotEntry() for more information.
Vary()	Register systematic variations for an existing column. Varied results are then extracted via VariationsFor().

Actions

Actions aggregate data into a result. Each one is described in more detail in the reference guide.

In the following, whenever we say an action "returns" something, we always mean it returns a smart pointer to it. Actions only act on events that pass all preceding filters.

Lazy actions only trigger the event loop when one of the results is accessed for the first time, making it easy to produce many different results in one event loop. Instant actions trigger the event loop instantly.

Lazy action	Description
Aggregate()	Execute a user-defined accumulation operation on the processed column values.
Book()	Book execution of a custom action using a user-defined helper object.
Cache()	Cache column values in memory. Custom columns can be cached as well, filtered entries are not cached. Users can specify which columns to save (default is all).
Count()	Return the number of events processed. Useful e.g. to get a quick count of the number of events passing a Filter.
Display()	Provides a printable representation of the dataset contents. The method returns a ROOT::RDF::RDisplay() instance which can print a tabular representation of the data or return it as a string.
Fill()	Fill a user-defined object with the values of the specified columns, as if by calling Obj.Fill(col1, col2, ...).
Graph()	Fills a TGraph with the two columns provided. If multi-threading is enabled, the order of the points may not be the one expected, it is therefore suggested to sort if before drawing.
GraphAsymmErrors()	Fills a TGraphAsymmErrors. If multi-threading is enabled, the order of the points may not be the one expected, it is therefore suggested to sort if before drawing.
Histo1D(), Histo2D(), Histo3D()	Fill a one-, two-, three-dimensional histogram with the processed column values.
HistoND()	Fill an N-dimensional histogram with the processed column values.
Max()	Return the maximum of processed column values. If the type of the column is inferred, the return type is double, the type of the column otherwise.
Mean()	Return the mean of processed column values.
Min()	Return the minimum of processed column values. If the type of the column is inferred, the return type is double, the type of the column otherwise.
Profile1D(), Profile2D()	Fill a one- or two-dimensional profile with the column values that passed all filters.
Reduce()	Reduce (e.g. sum, merge) entries using the function (lambda, functor...) passed as argument. The function must have signature T(T,T) where T is the type of the column. Return the final result of the reduction operation. An optional parameter allows initialization of the result object to non-default values.
Report()	Obtain statistics on how many entries have been accepted and rejected by the filters. See the section on named filters for a more detailed explanation. The method returns a ROOT::RDF::RCutFlowReport instance which can be queried programmatically to get information about the effects of the individual cuts.
Stats()	Return a TStatistic object filled with the input columns.
StdDev()	Return the unbiased standard deviation of the processed column values.
Sum()	Return the sum of the values in the column. If the type of the column is inferred, the return type is double, the type of the column otherwise.
Take()	Extract a column from the dataset as a collection of values, e.g. a std::vector<float> for a column of type float.

Instant action	Description
Foreach()	Execute a user-defined function on each entry. Users are responsible for the thread-safety of this callable when executing with implicit multi-threading enabled.
ForeachSlot()	Same as Foreach(), but the user-defined function must take an extra unsigned int slot as its first parameter. slot will take a different value, 0 to nThreads - 1, for each thread of execution. This is meant as a helper in writing thread-safe Foreach() actions when using RDataFrame after ROOT::EnableImplicitMT(). ForeachSlot() works just as well with single-thread execution: in that case slot will always be 0.
Snapshot()	Write the processed dataset to disk, in a new TTree and TFile. Custom columns can be saved as well, filtered entries are not saved. Users can specify which columns to save (default is all). Snapshot, by default, overwrites the output file if it already exists. Snapshot() can be made lazy setting the appropriate flag in the snapshot options.

Queries

These operations do not modify the dataframe or book computations but simply return information on the RDataFrame object.

Operation	Description
Describe()	Get useful information describing the dataframe, e.g. columns and their types.
GetColumnNames()	Get the names of all the available columns of the dataset.
GetColumnType()	Return the type of a given column as a string.
GetColumnTypeNamesList()	Return the list of type names of columns in the dataset.
GetDefinedColumnNames()	Get the names of all the defined columns.
GetFilterNames()	Return the names of all filters in the computation graph.
GetNRuns()	Return the number of event loops run by this RDataFrame instance so far.
GetNSlots()	Return the number of processing slots that RDataFrame will use during the event loop (i.e. the concurrency level).
SaveGraph()	Store the computation graph of an RDataFrame in DOT format (graphviz) for easy inspection. See the relevant section for details.

Introduction

Users define their analysis as a sequence of operations to be performed on the dataframe object; the framework takes care of the management of the loop over entries as well as low-level details such as I/O and parallelization. RDataFrame provides methods to perform most common operations required by ROOT analyses; at the same time, users can just as easily specify custom code that will be executed in the event loop.

RDataFrame is built with a modular and flexible workflow in mind, summarised as follows:

1. Construct a dataframe object by specifying a dataset. RDataFrame supports TTree as well as TChain, CSV files, SQLite files, RNTuples, and it can be extended to custom data formats. From Python, NumPy arrays can be imported into RDataFrame as well.
2. Transform the dataframe by:
   • Applying filters. This selects only specific rows of the dataset.
   • Creating custom columns. Custom columns can, for example, contain the results of a computation that must be performed for every row of the dataset.
3. Produce results. Actions are used to aggregate data into results. Most actions are lazy, i.e. they are not executed on the spot, but registered with RDataFrame and executed only when a result is accessed for the first time.

Make sure to book all transformations and actions before you access the contents of any of the results. This lets RDataFrame accumulate work and then produce all results at the same time, upon first access to any of them.

The following table shows how analyses based on TTreeReader and TTree::Draw() translate to RDataFrame. Follow the crash course to discover more idiomatic and flexible ways to express analyses with RDataFrame.

TTreeReader	ROOT::RDataFrame
TTreeReader reader("myTree", file); TTreeReaderValue<A_t> a(reader, "A"); TTreeReaderValue<B_t> b(reader, "B"); TTreeReaderValue<C_t> c(reader, "C"); while(reader.Next()) { if(IsGoodEvent(*a, *b, *c)) DoStuff(*a, *b, *c); }	ROOT::RDataFrame d("myTree", file, {"A", "B", "C"}); d.Filter(IsGoodEvent).Foreach(DoStuff);
TTree::Draw	ROOT::RDataFrame
auto *tree = file->Get<TTree>("myTree"); tree->Draw("x", "y > 2");	ROOT::RDataFrame df("myTree", file); auto h = df.Filter("y > 2").Histo1D("x"); h->Draw()
tree->Draw("jet_eta", "weight*(event == 1)");	df.Filter("event == 1").Histo1D("jet_eta", "weight"); // or the fully compiled version: df.Filter([] (ULong64_t e) { return e == 1; }, {"event"}).Histo1D<RVec<float>>("jet_eta", "weight");
// object selection: for each event, fill histogram with array of selected pts tree->Draw('Muon_pt', 'Muon_pt > 100')	// with RDF, arrays are read as ROOT::VecOps::RVec objects df.Define("good_pt", "Muon_pt[Muon_pt > 100]").Histo1D("good_pt")

Crash course

All snippets of code presented in the crash course can be executed in the ROOT interpreter. Simply precede them with

using namespace ROOT; // RDataFrame's namespace

which is omitted for brevity. The terms "column" and "branch" are used interchangeably.

Creating an RDataFrame

RDataFrame's constructor is where the user specifies the dataset and, optionally, a default set of columns that operations should work with. Here are the most common methods to construct an RDataFrame object:

// single file -- all constructors are equivalent
TFile *f = TFile::Open("file.root");
TTree *t = f.Get<TTree>("treeName");
 
RDataFrame d1("treeName", "file.root");
RDataFrame d2("treeName", f); // same as TTreeReader
RDataFrame d3(*t);
 
// multiple files -- all constructors are equivalent
TChain chain("myTree");
chain.Add("file1.root");
chain.Add("file2.root");
 
RDataFrame d4("myTree", {"file1.root", "file2.root"});
std::vector<std::string> files = {"file1.root", "file2.root"};
RDataFrame d5("myTree", files);
RDataFrame d6("myTree", "file*.root"); // the glob is passed as-is to TChain's constructor
RDataFrame d7(chain);

Additionally, users can construct an RDataFrame with no data source by passing an integer number. This is the number of rows that will be generated by this RDataFrame.

RDataFrame d(10); // a RDF with 10 entries (and no columns/branches, for now)
d.Foreach([] { static int i = 0; std::cout << i++ << std::endl; }); // silly example usage: count to ten

This is useful to generate simple datasets on the fly: the contents of each event can be specified with Define() (explained below). For example, we have used this method to generate Pythia events and write them to disk in parallel (with the Snapshot action).

For data sources other than TTrees and TChains, RDataFrame objects are constructed using ad-hoc factory functions (see e.g. FromCSV(), FromSqlite(), FromArrow()):

auto df = ROOT::RDF::FromCSV("input.csv");
// use df as usual

Filling a histogram

Let's now tackle a very common task, filling a histogram:

// Fill a TH1D with the "MET" branch
RDataFrame d("myTree", "file.root");
auto h = d.Histo1D("MET");
h->Draw();

The first line creates an RDataFrame associated to the TTree "myTree". This tree has a branch named "MET".

Histo1D() is an action; it returns a smart pointer (a ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr, to be precise) to a TH1D histogram filled with the MET of all events. If the quantity stored in the column is a collection (e.g. a vector or an array), the histogram is filled with all vector elements for each event.

You can use the objects returned by actions as if they were pointers to the desired results. There are many other possible actions, and all their results are wrapped in smart pointers; we'll see why in a minute.

Applying a filter

Let's say we want to cut over the value of branch "MET" and count how many events pass this cut. This is one way to do it:

RDataFrame d("myTree", "file.root");
auto c = d.Filter("MET > 4.").Count(); // computations booked, not run
std::cout << *c << std::endl; // computations run here, upon first access to the result

The filter string (which must contain a valid C++ expression) is applied to the specified columns for each event; the name and types of the columns are inferred automatically. The string expression is required to return a bool which signals whether the event passes the filter (true) or not (false).

You can think of your data as "flowing" through the chain of calls, being transformed, filtered and finally used to perform actions. Multiple Filter() calls can be chained one after another.

Using string filters is nice for simple things, but they are limited to specifying the equivalent of a single return statement or the body of a lambda, so it's cumbersome to use strings with more complex filters. They also add a small runtime overhead, as ROOT needs to just-in-time compile the string into C++ code. When more freedom is required or runtime performance is very important, a C++ callable can be specified instead (a lambda in the following snippet, but it can be any kind of function or even a functor class), together with a list of column names. This snippet is analogous to the one above:

RDataFrame d("myTree", "file.root");
auto metCut = [](double x) { return x > 4.; }; // a C++11 lambda function checking "x > 4"
auto c = d.Filter(metCut, {"MET"}).Count();
std::cout << *c << std::endl;

An example of a more complex filter expressed as a string containing C++ code is shown below

RDataFrame d("myTree", "file.root");
auto df = d.Define("p", "std::array<double, 4> p{px, py, pz}; return p;")
           .Filter("double p2 = 0.0; for (auto&& x : p) p2 += x*x; return sqrt(p2) < 10.0;");

The code snippet above defines a column p that is a fixed-size array using the component column names and then filters on its magnitude by looping over its elements. It must be noted that the usage of strings to define columns like the one above is currently the only possibility when using PyROOT. When writing expressions as such, only constants and data coming from other columns in the dataset can be involved in the code passed as a string. Local variables and functions cannot be used, since the interpreter will not know how to find them. When capturing local state is necessary, it must first be declared to the ROOT C++ interpreter.

More information on filters and how to use them to automatically generate cutflow reports can be found below.

Defining custom columns

Let's now consider the case in which "myTree" contains two quantities "x" and "y", but our analysis relies on a derived quantity z = sqrt(x*x + y*y). Using the Define() transformation, we can create a new column in the dataset containing the variable "z":

RDataFrame d("myTree", "file.root");
auto sqrtSum = [](double x, double y) { return sqrt(x*x + y*y); };
auto zMean = d.Define("z", sqrtSum, {"x","y"}).Mean("z");
std::cout << *zMean << std::endl;

Define() creates the variable "z" by applying sqrtSum to "x" and "y". Later in the chain of calls we refer to variables created with Define() as if they were actual tree branches/columns, but they are evaluated on demand, at most once per event. As with filters, Define() calls can be chained with other transformations to create multiple custom columns. Define() and Filter() transformations can be concatenated and intermixed at will.

As with filters, it is possible to specify new columns as string expressions. This snippet is analogous to the one above:

RDataFrame d("myTree", "file.root");
auto zMean = d.Define("z", "sqrt(x*x + y*y)").Mean("z");
std::cout << *zMean << std::endl;

Again the names of the columns used in the expression and their types are inferred automatically. The string must be valid C++ and it is just-in-time compiled. The process has a small runtime overhead and like with filters it is currently the only possible approach when using PyROOT.

Previously, when showing the different ways an RDataFrame can be created, we showed a constructor that takes a number of entries as a parameter. In the following example we show how to combine such an "empty" RDataFrame with Define() transformations to create a dataset on the fly. We then save the generated data on disk using the Snapshot() action.

RDataFrame d(100); // an RDF that will generate 100 entries (currently empty)
int x = -1;
auto d_with_columns = d.Define("x", [&x] { return ++x; })
                       .Define("xx", [&x] { return x*x; });
d_with_columns.Snapshot("myNewTree", "newfile.root");

This example is slightly more advanced than what we have seen so far. First, it makes use of lambda captures (a simple way to make external variables available inside the body of C++ lambdas) to act on the same variable x from both Define() transformations. Second, we have stored the transformed dataframe in a variable. This is always possible, since at each point of the transformation chain users can store the status of the dataframe for further use (more on this below).

You can read more about defining new columns here.

A graph composed of two branches, one starting with a filter and one with a define. The end point of a branch is always an action.

Running on a range of entries

It is sometimes necessary to limit the processing of the dataset to a range of entries. For this reason, the RDataFrame offers the concept of ranges as a node of the RDataFrame chain of transformations; this means that filters, columns and actions can be concatenated to and intermixed with Range()s. If a range is specified after a filter, the range will act exclusively on the entries passing the filter – it will not even count the other entries! The same goes for a Range() hanging from another Range(). Here are some commented examples:

RDataFrame d("myTree", "file.root");
// Here we store a dataframe that loops over only the first 30 entries in a variable
auto d30 = d.Range(30);
// This is how you pick all entries from 15 onwards
auto d15on = d.Range(15, 0);
// We can specify a stride too, in this case we pick an event every 3
auto d15each3 = d.Range(0, 15, 3);

Note that ranges are not available when multi-threading is enabled. More information on ranges is available here.

Executing multiple actions in the same event loop

As a final example let us apply two different cuts on branch "MET" and fill two different histograms with the "pt_v" of the filtered events. By now, you should be able to easily understand what is happening:

RDataFrame d("treeName", "file.root");
auto h1 = d.Filter("MET > 10").Histo1D("pt_v");
auto h2 = d.Histo1D("pt_v");
h1->Draw();       // event loop is run once here
h2->Draw("SAME"); // no need to run the event loop again

RDataFrame executes all above actions by running the event-loop only once. The trick is that actions are not executed at the moment they are called, but they are lazy, i.e. delayed until the moment one of their results is accessed through the smart pointer. At that time, the event loop is triggered and all results are produced simultaneously.

Properly exploiting RDataFrame laziness

For yet another example of the difference between the correct and incorrect running of the event-loop, see the following two code snippets. We assume our ROOT file has branches a, b and c.

The correct way - the dataset is only processed once.

df_correct = ROOT.RDataFrame(treename, filename);
 
h_a = df_correct.Histo1D("a")
h_b = df_correct.Histo1D("b")
h_c = df_correct.Histo1D("c")
 
h_a_val = h_a.GetValue()
h_b_val = h_b.GetValue()
h_c_val = h_c.GetValue()
 
print(f"How many times was the data set processed? {df_wrong.GetNRuns()} time.") # The answer will be 1 time. 

An incorrect way - the dataset is processed three times.

df_incorrect = ROOT.RDataFrame(treename, filename);
 
h_a = df_incorrect.Histo1D("a")
h_a_val = h_a.GetValue()
 
h_b = df_incorrect.Histo1D("b")
h_b_val = h_b.GetValue()
 
h_c = df_incorrect.Histo1D("c")
h_c_val = h_c.GetValue()
 
print(f"How many times was the data set processed? {df_wrong.GetNRuns()} times.") # The answer will be 3 times. 

It is therefore good practice to declare all your transformations and actions before accessing their results, allowing RDataFrame to run the loop once and produce all results in one go.

Going parallel

Let's say we would like to run the previous examples in parallel on several cores, dividing events fairly between cores. The only modification required to the snippets would be the addition of this line before constructing the main dataframe object:

ROOT::EnableImplicitMT();

Simple as that. More details are given below.

Working with collections and object selections

RDataFrame reads collections as the special type ROOT::RVec: for example, a column containing an array of floating point numbers can be read as a ROOT::RVecF. C-style arrays (with variable or static size), STL vectors and most other collection types can be read this way.

RVec is a container similar to std::vector (and can be used just like a std::vector) but it also offers a rich interface to operate on the array elements in a vectorised fashion, similarly to Python's NumPy arrays.

For example, to fill a histogram with the "pt" of selected particles for each event, Define() can be used to create a column that contains the desired array elements as follows:

// h is filled with all the elements of `good_pts`, for each event
auto h = df.Define("good_pts", [](const ROOT::RVecF &pt) { return pt[pt > 0]; })
           .Histo1D("good_pts");

And in Python:

h = df.Define("good_pts", "pt[pt > 0]").Histo1D("good_pts")

Learn more at ROOT::VecOps::RVec.

Transformations: manipulating data

Filters

A filter is created through a call to Filter(f, columnList) or Filter(filterString). In the first overload, f can be a function, a lambda expression, a functor class, or any other callable object. It must return a bool signalling whether the event has passed the selection (true) or not (false). It should perform "read-only" operations on the columns, and should not have side-effects (e.g. modification of an external or static variable) to ensure correctness when implicit multi-threading is active. The second overload takes a string with a valid C++ expression in which column names are used as variable names (e.g. Filter("x[0] + x[1] > 0")). This is a convenience feature that comes with a certain runtime overhead: C++ code has to be generated on the fly from this expression before using it in the event loop. See the paragraph about "Just-in-time compilation" below for more information.

RDataFrame only evaluates filters when necessary: if multiple filters are chained one after another, they are executed in order and the first one returning false causes the event to be discarded and triggers the processing of the next entry. If multiple actions or transformations depend on the same filter, that filter is not executed multiple times for each entry: after the first access it simply serves a cached result.

Named filters and cutflow reports

An optional string parameter name can be passed to the Filter() method to create a named filter. Named filters work as usual, but also keep track of how many entries they accept and reject.

Statistics are retrieved through a call to the Report() method:

• when Report() is called on the main RDataFrame object, it returns a ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr<RCutFlowReport> relative to all named filters declared up to that point
• when called on a specific node (e.g. the result of a Define() or Filter()), it returns a ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr<RCutFlowReport> relative all named filters in the section of the chain between the main RDataFrame and that node (included).

Stats are stored in the same order as named filters have been added to the graph, and refer to the latest event-loop that has been run using the relevant RDataFrame.

Ranges

When RDataFrame is not being used in a multi-thread environment (i.e. no call to EnableImplicitMT() was made), Range() transformations are available. These act very much like filters but instead of basing their decision on a filter expression, they rely on begin,end and stride parameters.

• begin: initial entry number considered for this range.
• end: final entry number (excluded) considered for this range. 0 means that the range goes until the end of the dataset.
• stride: process one entry of the [begin, end) range every stride entries. Must be strictly greater than 0.

The actual number of entries processed downstream of a Range() node will be (end - begin)/stride (or less if less entries than that are available).

Note that ranges act "locally", not based on the global entry count: Range(10,50) means "skip the first 10 entries that reach this node*, let the next 40 entries pass, then stop processing". If a range node hangs from a filter node, and the range has a begin parameter of 10, that means the range will skip the first 10 entries that pass the preceding filter.

Ranges allow "early quitting": if all branches of execution of a functional graph reached their end value of processed entries, the event-loop is immediately interrupted. This is useful for debugging and quick data explorations.

Custom columns

Custom columns are created by invoking Define(name, f, columnList). As usual, f can be any callable object (function, lambda expression, functor class...); it takes the values of the columns listed in columnList (a list of strings) as parameters, in the same order as they are listed in columnList. f must return the value that will be assigned to the temporary column.

A new variable is created called name, accessible as if it was contained in the dataset from subsequent transformations/actions.

Use cases include:

• caching the results of complex calculations for easy and efficient multiple access
• extraction of quantities of interest from complex objects
• branch aliasing, i.e. changing the name of a branch

An exception is thrown if the name of the new column/branch is already in use for another branch in the TTree.

It is also possible to specify the quantity to be stored in the new temporary column as a C++ expression with the method Define(name, expression). For example this invocation

df.Define("pt", "sqrt(px*px + py*py)");

will create a new column called "pt" the value of which is calculated starting from the columns px and py. The system builds a just-in-time compiled function starting from the expression after having deduced the list of necessary branches from the names of the variables specified by the user.

Custom columns as function of slot and entry number

It is possible to create custom columns also as a function of the processing slot and entry numbers. The methods that can be invoked are:

• DefineSlot(name, f, columnList). In this case the callable f has this signature R(unsigned int, T1, T2, ...): the first parameter is the slot number which ranges from 0 to ROOT::GetThreadPoolSize() - 1.
• DefineSlotEntry(name, f, columnList). In this case the callable f has this signature R(unsigned int, ULong64_t, T1, T2, ...): the first parameter is the slot number while the second one the number of the entry being processed.

Actions: getting results

Instant and lazy actions

Actions can be instant or lazy. Instant actions are executed as soon as they are called, while lazy actions are executed whenever the object they return is accessed for the first time. As a rule of thumb, actions with a return value are lazy, the others are instant.

Return type of a lazy action

When a lazy action is called, it returns a ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr<T>, where T is the type of the result of the action. The final result will be stored in the RResultPtr and can be retrieved by dereferencing it or via its GetValue method.

Actions that return collections

If the type of the return value of an action is a collection, e.g. std::vector<int>, you can iterate its elements directly through the wrapping RResultPtr:

ROOT::RDataFrame df{5};
auto df1 = df.Define("x", []{ return 42; });
for (const auto &el: df1.Take<int>("x")){
   std::cout << "Element: " << el << "\n";
}

df = ROOT.RDataFrame(5).Define("x", "42")
for el in df.Take[int]("x"):
    print(f"Element: {el}")

Actions and readers

An action that needs values for its computations will request it from a reader, e.g. a column created via Define or available from the input dataset. The action will request values from each column of the list of input columns (either inferred or specified by the user), in order. For example:

ROOT::RDataFrame df{1};
auto df1 = df.Define("x", []{ return 11; });
auto df2 = df1.Define("y", []{ return 22; });
auto graph = df2.Graph<int, int>("x","y");

The Graph action is going to request first the value from column "x", then that of column "y". Specifically, the order of execution of the operations of nodes in this branch of the computation graph is guaranteed to be top to bottom.

Distributed execution

RDataFrame applications can be executed in parallel through distributed computing frameworks on a set of remote machines thanks to the Python package ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed. This experimental, Python-only package allows to scale the optimized performance RDataFrame can achieve on a single machine to multiple nodes at the same time. It is designed so that different backends can be easily plugged in, currently supporting Apache Spark and Dask. To make use of distributed RDataFrame, you only need to switch ROOT.RDataFrame with the backend-specific RDataFrame of your choice, for example:

import ROOT
 
# Point RDataFrame calls to the Spark specific RDataFrame
RDataFrame = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.Spark.RDataFrame
 
# It still accepts the same constructor arguments as traditional RDataFrame
df = RDataFrame("mytree", "myfile.root")
 
# Continue the application with the traditional RDataFrame API
sum = df.Filter("x > 10").Sum("y")
h = df.Histo1D(("name", "title", 10, 0, 10), "x")
 
print(sum.GetValue())
h.Draw()

The main goal of this package is to support running any RDataFrame application distributedly. Nonetheless, not all parts of the RDataFrame API currently work with this package. The subset that is currently available is:

• AsNumpy
• Count
• Define
• DefinePerSample
• Filter
• Graph
• Histo[1,2,3]D
• HistoND
• Max
• Mean
• Min
• Profile[1,2,3]D
• Redefine
• Snapshot
• Stats
• StdDev
• Sum
• Systematic variations: Vary and VariationsFor.
• Parallel submission of distributed graphs: RunGraphs.
• Information about the dataframe: GetColumnNames.

with support for more operations coming in the future. Data sources other than TTree and TChain (e.g. CSV, RNTuple) are currently not supported.

Note

The distributed RDataFrame module requires at least Python version 3.8.

Connecting to a Spark cluster

In order to distribute the RDataFrame workload, you can connect to a Spark cluster you have access to through the official Spark API, then hook the connection instance to the distributed RDataFrame object like so:

import pyspark
import ROOT
 
# Create a SparkContext object with the right configuration for your Spark cluster
conf = SparkConf().setAppName(appName).setMaster(master)
sc = SparkContext(conf=conf)
 
# Point RDataFrame calls to the Spark specific RDataFrame
RDataFrame = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.Spark.RDataFrame
 
# The Spark RDataFrame constructor accepts an optional "sparkcontext" parameter
# and it will distribute the application to the connected cluster
df = RDataFrame("mytree", "myfile.root", sparkcontext = sc)

If an instance of SparkContext is not provided, the default behaviour is to create one in the background for you.

Connecting to a Dask cluster

Similarly, you can connect to a Dask cluster by creating your own connection object which internally operates with one of the cluster schedulers supported by Dask (more information in the Dask distributed docs):

import ROOT
from dask.distributed import Client
 
# Point RDataFrame calls to the Dask specific RDataFrame
RDataFrame = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.Dask.RDataFrame
 
# In a Python script the Dask client needs to be initalized in a context
# Jupyter notebooks / Python session don't need this
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # With an already setup cluster that exposes a Dask scheduler endpoint
    client = Client("dask_scheduler.domain.com:8786")
 
    # The Dask RDataFrame constructor accepts the Dask Client object as an optional argument
    df = RDataFrame("mytree","myfile.root", daskclient=client)
    # Proceed as usual
    df.Define("x","someoperation").Histo1D(("name", "title", 10, 0, 10), "x")

If an instance of distributed.Client is not provided to the RDataFrame object, it will be created for you and it will run the computations in the local machine using all cores available.

Choosing the number of distributed tasks

A distributed RDataFrame has internal logic to define in how many chunks the input dataset will be split before sending tasks to the distributed backend. Each task reads and processes one of said chunks. The logic is backend-dependent, but generically tries to infer how many cores are available in the cluster through the connection object. The number of tasks will be equal to the inferred number of cores. There are cases where the connection object of the chosen backend doesn't have information about the actual resources of the cluster. An example of this is when using Dask to connect to a batch system. The client object created at the beginning of the application does not automatically know how many cores will be available during distributed execution, since the jobs are submitted to the batch system after the creation of the connection. In such cases, the logic is to default to process the whole dataset in 2 tasks.

The number of tasks submitted for distributed execution can be also set programmatically, by providing the optional keyword argument npartitions when creating the RDataFrame object. This parameter is accepted irrespectively of the backend used:

import ROOT
 
# Define correct imports and access the distributed RDataFrame appropriate for the
# backend used in the analysis
RDataFrame = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.[BACKEND].RDataFrame
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    # The `npartitions` optional argument tells the RDataFrame how many tasks are desired
    df = RDataFrame("mytree","myfile.root", npartitions=NPARTITIONS)
    # Proceed as usual
    df.Define("x","someoperation").Histo1D(("name", "title", 10, 0, 10), "x")

Note that when processing a TTree or TChain dataset, the npartitions value should not exceed the number of clusters in the dataset. The number of clusters in a TTree can be retrieved by typing rootls -lt myfile.root at a command line.

Distributed Snapshot

The Snapshot operation behaves slightly differently when executed distributedly. First off, it requires the path supplied to the Snapshot call to be accessible from any worker of the cluster and from the client machine (in general it should be provided as an absolute path). Another important difference is that n separate files will be produced, where n is the number of dataset partitions. As with local RDataFrame, the result of a Snapshot on a distributed RDataFrame is another distributed RDataFrame on which we can define a new computation graph and run more distributed computations.

Distributed RunGraphs

Submitting multiple distributed RDataFrame executions is supported through the RunGraphs function. Similarly to its local counterpart, the function expects an iterable of objects representing an RDataFrame action. Each action will be triggered concurrently to send multiple computation graphs to a distributed cluster at the same time:

import ROOT
RDataFrame = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.Dask.RDataFrame
RunGraphs = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.RunGraphs
 
# Create 3 different dataframes and book an histogram on each one
histoproxies = [
   RDataFrame(100)
         .Define("x", "rdfentry_")
         .Histo1D(("name", "title", 10, 0, 100), "x")
   for _ in range(4)
]
 
# Execute the 3 computation graphs
RunGraphs(histoproxies)
# Retrieve all the histograms in one go
histos = [histoproxy.GetValue() for histoproxy in histoproxies]

Every distributed backend supports this feature and graphs belonging to different backends can be still triggered with a single call to RunGraphs (e.g. it is possible to send a Spark job and a Dask job at the same time).

Histogram models in distributed mode

When calling a Histo*D operation in distributed mode, remember to pass to the function the model of the histogram to be computed, e.g. the axis range and the number of bins:

import ROOT
RDataFrame = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.[BACKEND].RDataFrame
 
if __name__ == "__main__":
    df = RDataFrame("mytree","myfile.root").Define("x","someoperation")
    # The model can be passed either as a tuple with the arguments in the correct order
    df.Histo1D(("name", "title", 10, 0, 10), "x")
    # Or by creating the specific struct
    model = ROOT.RDF.TH1DModel("name", "title", 10, 0, 10)
    df.Histo1D(model, "x")

Without this, two partial histograms resulting from two distributed tasks would have incompatible binning, thus leading to errors when merging them. Failing to pass a histogram model will raise an error on the client side, before starting the distributed execution.

Live visualization in distributed mode with dask

The live visualization feature allows real-time data representation of plots generated during the execution of a distributed RDataFrame application. It enables visualizing intermediate results as they are computed across multiple nodes of a Dask cluster by creating a canvas and continuously updating it as partial results become available.

The LiveVisualize() function can be imported from the Python package ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed:

import ROOT
 
LiveVisualize = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.Distributed.LiveVisualize

The function takes drawable objects (e.g. histograms) and optional callback functions as argument, it accepts 4 different input formats:

• Passing a list or tuple of drawables: You can pass a list or tuple containing the plots you want to visualize. For example:

LiveVisualize([h_gaus, h_exp, h_random])

• Passing a list or tuple of drawables with a global callback function: You can also include a global callback function that will be applied to all plots. For example:

def set_fill_color(hist):
    hist.SetFillColor(ROOT.kBlue)
 
LiveVisualize([h_gaus, h_exp, h_random], set_fill_color)

• Passing a Dictionary of drawables and callback functions: For more control, you can create a dictionary where keys are plots and values are corresponding (optional) callback functions. For example:

plot_callback_dict = {
    graph: set_marker,
    h_exp: fit_exp,
    tprofile_2d: None
}
 
LiveVisualize(plot_callback_dict)

• Passing a Dictionary of drawables and callback functions with a global callback function: You can also combine a dictionary of plots and callbacks with a global callback function:

LiveVisualize(plot_callback_dict, write_to_tfile)

Note

The allowed operations to pass to LiveVisualize are:

• Histo1D(), Histo2D(), Histo3D()
• Graph()
• Profile1D(), Profile2D()

Warning

The Live Visualization feature is only supported for the Dask backend.

Performance tips and parallel execution

As pointed out before in this document, RDataFrame can transparently perform multi-threaded event loops to speed up the execution of its actions. Users have to call ROOT::EnableImplicitMT() before constructing the RDataFrame object to indicate that it should take advantage of a pool of worker threads. Each worker thread processes a distinct subset of entries, and their partial results are merged before returning the final values to the user. There are no guarantees on the order in which threads will process the batches of entries. In particular, note that this means that, for multi-thread event loops, there is no guarantee on the order in which Snapshot() will write entries: they could be scrambled with respect to the input dataset. The values of the special rdfentry_ column will also not correspond to the entry numbers in the input dataset (e.g. TChain) in multi-thread runs.

Warning

By default, RDataFrame will use as many threads as the hardware supports, using up all the resources on a machine. This might be undesirable on shared computing resources such as a batch cluster. Therefore, when running on shared computing resources, use

ROOT::EnableImplicitMT(i)

replacing i with the number of CPUs/slots that were allocated for this job.

Thread-safety of user-defined expressions

RDataFrame operations such as Histo1D() or Snapshot() are guaranteed to work correctly in multi-thread event loops. User-defined expressions, such as strings or lambdas passed to Filter(), Define(), Foreach(), Reduce() or Aggregate() will have to be thread-safe, i.e. it should be possible to call them concurrently from different threads.

Note that simple Filter() and Define() transformations will inherently satisfy this requirement: Filter() / Define() expressions will often be pure in the functional programming sense (no side-effects, no dependency on external state), which eliminates all risks of race conditions.

In order to facilitate writing of thread-safe operations, some RDataFrame features such as Foreach(), Define() or OnPartialResult() offer thread-aware counterparts (ForeachSlot(), DefineSlot(), OnPartialResultSlot()): their only difference is that they will pass an extra slot argument (an unsigned integer) to the user-defined expression. When calling user-defined code concurrently, RDataFrame guarantees that different threads will employ different values of the slot parameter, where slot will be a number between 0 and GetNSlots() - 1. In other words, within a slot, computation runs sequentially and events are processed sequentially. Note that the same slot might be associated to different threads over the course of a single event loop, but two threads will never receive the same slot at the same time. This extra parameter might facilitate writing safe parallel code by having each thread write/modify a different processing slot, e.g. a different element of a list. See here for an example usage of ForeachSlot().

Parallel execution of multiple RDataFrame event loops

A complex analysis may require multiple separate RDataFrame computation graphs to produce all desired results. This poses the challenge that the event loops of each computation graph can be parallelized, but the different loops run sequentially, one after the other. On many-core architectures it might be desirable to run different event loops concurrently to improve resource usage. ROOT::RDF::RunGraphs() allows running multiple RDataFrame event loops concurrently:

ROOT::EnableImplicitMT();
ROOT::RDataFrame df1("tree1", "f1.root");
ROOT::RDataFrame df2("tree2", "f2.root");
auto histo1 = df1.Histo1D("x");
auto histo2 = df2.Histo1D("y");
 
// just accessing result pointers, the event loops of separate RDataFrames run one after the other
histo1->Draw(); // runs first multi-thread event loop
histo2->Draw(); // runs second multi-thread event loop
 
// alternatively, with ROOT::RDF::RunGraphs, event loops for separate computation graphs can run concurrently
ROOT::RDF::RunGraphs({histo1, histo2});
histo1->Draw(); // results can then be used as usual

Performance considerations

To obtain the maximum performance out of RDataFrame, make sure to avoid just-in-time compiled versions of transformations and actions if at all possible. For instance, Filter("x > 0") requires just-in-time compilation of the corresponding C++ logic, while the equivalent Filter([](float x) { return x > 0.; }, {"x"}) does not. Similarly, Histo1D("x") requires just-in-time compilation after the type of x is retrieved from the dataset, while Histo1D<float>("x") does not; the latter spelling should be preferred for performance-critical applications.

Python applications cannot easily specify template parameters or pass C++ callables to RDataFrame. See Efficient analysis in Python for possible ways to speed up hot paths in this case.

Just-in-time compilation happens once, right before starting an event loop. To reduce the runtime cost of this step, make sure to book all operations for all RDataFrame computation graphs before the first event loop is triggered: just-in-time compilation will happen once for all code required to be generated up to that point, also across different computation graphs.

Also make sure not to count the just-in-time compilation time (which happens once before the event loop and does not depend on the size of the dataset) as part of the event loop runtime (which scales with the size of the dataset). RDataFrame has an experimental logging feature that simplifies measuring the time spent in just-in-time compilation and in the event loop (as well as providing some more interesting information). See Activating RDataFrame execution logs.

Memory usage

There are two reasons why RDataFrame may consume more memory than expected. Firstly, each result is duplicated for each worker thread, which e.g. in case of many (possibly multi-dimensional) histograms with fine binning can result in visible memory consumption during the event loop. The thread-local copies of the results are destroyed when the final result is produced. Reducing the number of threads or using coarser binning will reduce the memory usage.

Secondly, just-in-time compilation of string expressions or non-templated actions (see the previous paragraph) causes Cling, ROOT's C++ interpreter, to allocate some memory for the generated code that is only released at the end of the application. This commonly results in memory usage creep in long-running applications that create many RDataFrames one after the other. Possible mitigations include creating and running each RDataFrame event loop in a sub-process, or booking all operations for all different RDataFrame computation graphs before the first event loop is triggered, so that the interpreter is invoked only once for all computation graphs:

// assuming df1 and df2 are separate computation graphs, do:
auto h1 = df1.Histo1D("x");
auto h2 = df2.Histo1D("y");
h1->Draw(); // we just-in-time compile everything needed by df1 and df2 here
h2->Draw("SAME");
 
// do not:
auto h1 = df1.Histo1D("x");
h1->Draw(); // we just-in-time compile here
auto h2 = df2.Histo1D("y");
h2->Draw("SAME"); // we just-in-time compile again here, as the second Histo1D call is new

More features

Here is a list of the most important features that have been omitted in the "Crash course" for brevity. You don't need to read all these to start using RDataFrame, but they are useful to save typing time and runtime.

Systematic variations

Starting from ROOT v6.26, RDataFrame provides a flexible syntax to define systematic variations. This is done in two steps: a) register variations for one or more existing columns using Vary() and b) extract variations of normal RDataFrame results using VariationsFor(). In between these steps, no other change to the analysis code is required: the presence of systematic variations for certain columns is automatically propagated through filters, defines and actions, and RDataFrame will take these dependencies into account when producing varied results. VariationsFor() is included in header ROOT/RDFHelpers.hxx. The compiled C++ programs must include this header explicitly, this is not required for ROOT macros.

An example usage of Vary() and VariationsFor() in C++:

auto nominal_hx =
   df.Vary("pt", "ROOT::RVecD{pt*0.9f, pt*1.1f}", {"down", "up"})
     .Filter("pt > pt_cut")
     .Define("x", someFunc, {"pt"})
     .Histo1D<float>("x");
 
// request the generation of varied results from the nominal_hx
ROOT::RDF::Experimental::RResultMap<TH1D> hx = ROOT::RDF::Experimental::VariationsFor(nominal_hx);
 
// the event loop runs here, upon first access to any of the results or varied results:
hx["nominal"].Draw(); // same effect as nominal_hx->Draw()
hx["pt:down"].Draw("SAME");
hx["pt:up"].Draw("SAME");

A list of variation "tags" is passed as the last argument to Vary(). The tags give names to the varied values that are returned as elements of an RVec of the appropriate C++ type. The number of variation tags must correspond to the number of elements of this RVec (2 in the example above: the first element will correspond to the tag "down", the second to the tag "up"). The full variation name will be composed of the varied column name and the variation tags (e.g. "pt:down", "pt:up" in this example). Python usage looks similar.

Note how we use the "pt" column as usual in the Filter() and Define() calls and we simply use "x" as the value to fill the resulting histogram. To produce the varied results, RDataFrame will automatically execute the Filter and Define calls for each variation and fill the histogram with values and cuts that depend on the variation.

There is no limitation to the complexity of a Vary() expression. Just like for the Define() and Filter() calls, users are not limited to string expressions but they can also pass any valid C++ callable, including lambda functions and complex functors. The callable can be applied to zero or more existing columns and it will always receive their nominal value in input.

Varying multiple columns in lockstep

In the following Python snippet we use the Vary() signature that allows varying multiple columns simultaneously or "in lockstep":

df.Vary(["pt", "eta"],
        "RVec<RVecF>{{pt*0.9, pt*1.1}, {eta*0.9, eta*1.1}}",
        variationTags=["down", "up"],
        variationName="ptAndEta")

The expression returns an RVec of two RVecs: each inner vector contains the varied values for one column. The inner vectors follow the same ordering as the column names that are passed as the first argument. Besides the variation tags, in this case we also have to explicitly pass the variation name (here: "ptAndEta") as the default column name does not exist.

The above call will produce variations "ptAndEta:down" and "ptAndEta:up".

Combining multiple variations

Even if a result depends on multiple variations, only one variation is applied at a time, i.e. there will be no result produced by applying multiple systematic variations at the same time. For example, in the following example snippet, the RResultMap instance all_h will contain keys "nominal", "pt:down", "pt:up", "eta:0", "eta:1", but no "pt:up&&eta:0" or similar:

auto df = _df.Vary("pt",
                   "ROOT::RVecD{pt*0.9, pt*1.1}",
                   {"down", "up"})
             .Vary("eta",
                   [](float eta) { return RVecF{eta*0.9f, eta*1.1f}; },
                   {"eta"},
                   2);
 
auto nom_h = df.Histo2D(histoModel, "pt", "eta");
auto all_hs = VariationsFor(nom_h);
all_hs.GetKeys(); // returns {"nominal", "pt:down", "pt:up", "eta:0", "eta:1"}

Note how we passed the integer 2 instead of a list of variation tags to the second Vary() invocation: this is a shorthand that automatically generates tags 0 to N-1 (in this case 0 and 1).

Note

Currently, VariationsFor() and RResultMap are in the ROOT::RDF::Experimental namespace, to indicate that these interfaces might still evolve and improve based on user feedback. We expect that some aspects of the related programming model will be streamlined in future versions.

Currently, the results of a Snapshot(), Report() or Display() call cannot be varied (i.e. it is not possible to call VariationsFor() on them. These limitations will be lifted in future releases.

See the Vary() method for more information and this tutorial for an example usage of Vary and VariationsFor() in the analysis.

RDataFrame objects as function arguments and return values

RDataFrame variables/nodes are relatively cheap to copy and it's possible to both pass them to (or move them into) functions and to return them from functions. However, in general each dataframe node will have a different C++ type, which includes all available compile-time information about what that node does. One way to cope with this complication is to use template functions and/or C++14 auto return types:

template <typename RDF>
auto ApplySomeFilters(RDF df)
{
   return df.Filter("x > 0").Filter([](int y) { return y < 0; }, {"y"});
}

A possibly simpler, C++11-compatible alternative is to take advantage of the fact that any dataframe node can be converted (implicitly or via an explicit cast) to the common type ROOT::RDF::RNode:

// a function that conditionally adds a Range to an RDataFrame node.
RNode MaybeAddRange(RNode df, bool mustAddRange)
{
   return mustAddRange ? df.Range(1) : df;
}
// use as :
ROOT::RDataFrame df(10);
auto maybeRangedDF = MaybeAddRange(df, true);

The conversion to ROOT::RDF::RNode is cheap, but it will introduce an extra virtual call during the RDataFrame event loop (in most cases, the resulting performance impact should be negligible). Python users can perform the conversion with the helper function ROOT.RDF.AsRNode.

Storing RDataFrame objects in collections

ROOT::RDF::RNode also makes it simple to store RDataFrame nodes in collections, e.g. a std::vector<RNode> or a std::map<std::string, RNode>:

std::vector<ROOT::RDF::RNode> dfs;
dfs.emplace_back(ROOT::RDataFrame(10));
dfs.emplace_back(dfs[0].Define("x", "42.f"));

Executing callbacks every N events

It's possible to schedule execution of arbitrary functions (callbacks) during the event loop. Callbacks can be used e.g. to inspect partial results of the analysis while the event loop is running, drawing a partially-filled histogram every time a certain number of new entries is processed, or displaying a progress bar while the event loop runs.

For example one can draw an up-to-date version of a result histogram every 100 entries like this:

auto h = df.Histo1D("x");
TCanvas c("c","x hist");
h.OnPartialResult(100, [&c](TH1D &h_) { c.cd(); h_.Draw(); c.Update(); });
// event loop runs here, this final `Draw` is executed after the event loop is finished
h->Draw();

Callbacks are registered to a ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr and must be callables that takes a reference to the result type as argument and return nothing. RDataFrame will invoke registered callbacks passing partial action results as arguments to them (e.g. a histogram filled with a part of the selected events).

Read more on ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr::OnPartialResult() and ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr::OnPartialResultSlot().

Default column lists

When constructing an RDataFrame object, it is possible to specify a default column list for your analysis, in the usual form of a list of strings representing branch/column names. The default column list will be used as a fallback whenever a list specific to the transformation/action is not present. RDataFrame will take as many of these columns as needed, ignoring trailing extra names if present.

// use "b1" and "b2" as default columns
RDataFrame d1("myTree", "file.root", {"b1","b2"});
auto h = d1.Filter([](int b1, int b2) { return b1 > b2; }) // will act on "b1" and "b2"
           .Histo1D(); // will act on "b1"
 
// just one default column this time
RDataFrame d2("myTree", "file.root", {"b1"});
auto min = d2.Filter([](double b2) { return b2 > 0; }, {"b2"}) // we can still specify non-default column lists
             .Min(); // returns the minimum value of "b1" for the filtered entries

Special helper columns: rdfentry_ and rdfslot_

Every instance of RDataFrame is created with two special columns called rdfentry_ and rdfslot_. The rdfentry_ column is of type ULong64_t and it holds the current entry number while rdfslot_ is an unsigned int holding the index of the current data processing slot. For backwards compatibility reasons, the names tdfentry_ and tdfslot_ are also accepted. These columns are ignored by operations such as Cache or Snapshot.

Warning

Note that in multi-thread event loops the values of rdfentry_ do not correspond to what would be the entry numbers of a TChain constructed over the same set of ROOT files, as the entries are processed in an unspecified order.

Just-in-time compilation: column type inference and explicit declaration of column types

C++ is a statically typed language: all types must be known at compile-time. This includes the types of the TTree branches we want to work on. For filters, defined columns and some of the actions, column types are deduced from the signature of the relevant filter function/temporary column expression/action function:

// here b1 is deduced to be `int` and b2 to be `double`
df.Filter([](int x, double y) { return x > 0 && y < 0.; }, {"b1", "b2"});

If we specify an incorrect type for one of the columns, an exception with an informative message will be thrown at runtime, when the column value is actually read from the dataset: RDataFrame detects type mismatches. The same would happen if we swapped the order of "b1" and "b2" in the column list passed to Filter().

Certain actions, on the other hand, do not take a function as argument (e.g. Histo1D()), so we cannot deduce the type of the column at compile-time. In this case RDataFrame infers the type of the column from the TTree itself. This is why we never needed to specify the column types for all actions in the above snippets.

When the column type is not a common one such as int, double, char or float it is nonetheless good practice to specify it as a template parameter to the action itself, like this:

df.Histo1D("b1"); // OK, the type of "b1" is deduced at runtime
df.Min<MyNumber_t>("myObject"); // OK, "myObject" is deduced to be of type `MyNumber_t`

Deducing types at runtime requires the just-in-time compilation of the relevant actions, which has a small runtime overhead, so specifying the type of the columns as template parameters to the action is good practice when performance is a goal.

When strings are passed as expressions to Filter() or Define(), fundamental types are passed as constants. This avoids certaincommon mistakes such as typing x = 0 rather than x == 0:

// this throws an error (note the typo)
df.Define("x", "0").Filter("x = 0");

User-defined custom actions

RDataFrame strives to offer a comprehensive set of standard actions that can be performed on each event. At the same time, it allows users to inject their own action code to perform arbitrarily complex data reductions.

Implementing custom actions with Book()

Through the Book() method, users can implement a custom action and have access to the same features that built-in RDataFrame actions have, e.g. hooks to events related to the start, end and execution of the event loop, or the possibility to return a lazy RResultPtr to an arbitrary type of result:

#include <ROOT/RDataFrame.hxx>
#include <memory>
 
class MyCounter : public ROOT::Detail::RDF::RActionImpl<MyCounter> {
   std::shared_ptr<int> fFinalResult = std::make_shared<int>(0);
   std::vector<int> fPerThreadResults;
 
public:
   // We use a public type alias to advertise the type of the result of this action
   using Result_t = int;
 
   MyCounter(unsigned int nSlots) : fPerThreadResults(nSlots) {}
 
   // Called before the event loop to retrieve the address of the result that will be filled/generated.
   std::shared_ptr<int> GetResultPtr() const { return fFinalResult; }
 
   // Called at the beginning of the event loop.
   void Initialize() {}
 
   // Called at the beginning of each processing task.
   void InitTask(TTreeReader *, int) {}
 
   /// Called at every entry.
   void Exec(unsigned int slot)
   {
      fPerThreadResults[slot]++;
   }
 
   // Called at the end of the event loop.
   void Finalize()
   {
      *fFinalResult = std::accumulate(fPerThreadResults.begin(), fPerThreadResults.end(), 0);
   }
 
   // Called by RDataFrame to retrieve the name of this action.
   std::string GetActionName() const { return "MyCounter"; }
};
 
int main() {
   ROOT::RDataFrame df(10);
   ROOT::RDF::RResultPtr<int> resultPtr = df.Book<>(MyCounter{df.GetNSlots()}, {});
   // The GetValue call triggers the event loop
   std::cout << "Number of processed entries: " <<  resultPtr.GetValue() << std::endl;
}

See the Book() method for more information and this tutorial for a more complete example.

Injecting arbitrary code in the event loop with Foreach() and ForeachSlot()

Foreach() takes a callable (lambda expression, free function, functor...) and a list of columns and executes the callable on the values of those columns for each event that passes all upstream selections. It can be used to perform actions that are not already available in the interface. For example, the following snippet evaluates the root mean square of column "x":

// Single-thread evaluation of RMS of column "x" using Foreach
double sumSq = 0.;
unsigned int n = 0;
df.Foreach([&sumSq, &n](double x) { ++n; sumSq += x*x; }, {"x"});
std::cout << "rms of x: " << std::sqrt(sumSq / n) << std::endl;

In multi-thread runs, users are responsible for the thread-safety of the expression passed to Foreach(): thread will execute the expression concurrently. The code above would need to employ some resource protection mechanism to ensure non-concurrent writing of rms; but this is probably too much head-scratch for such a simple operation.

ForeachSlot() can help in this situation. It is an alternative version of Foreach() for which the function takes an additional "processing slot" parameter besides the columns it should be applied to. RDataFrame guarantees that ForeachSlot() will invoke the user expression with different slot parameters for different concurrent executions (see Special helper columns: rdfentry_ and rdfslot_ for more information on the slot parameter). We can take advantage of ForeachSlot() to evaluate a thread-safe root mean square of column "x":

// Thread-safe evaluation of RMS of column "x" using ForeachSlot
ROOT::EnableImplicitMT();
const unsigned int nSlots = df.GetNSlots();
std::vector<double> sumSqs(nSlots, 0.);
std::vector<unsigned int> ns(nSlots, 0);
 
df.ForeachSlot([&sumSqs, &ns](unsigned int slot, double x) { sumSqs[slot] += x*x; ns[slot] += 1; }, {"x"});
double sumSq = std::accumulate(sumSqs.begin(), sumSqs.end(), 0.); // sum all squares
unsigned int n = std::accumulate(ns.begin(), ns.end(), 0); // sum all counts
std::cout << "rms of x: " << std::sqrt(sumSq / n) << std::endl;

Notice how we created one double variable for each processing slot and later merged their results via std::accumulate.

Dataset joins with friend trees

Vertically concatenating multiple trees that have the same columns (creating a logical dataset with the same columns and more rows) is trivial in RDataFrame: just pass the tree name and a list of file names to RDataFrame's constructor, or create a TChain out of the desired trees and pass that to RDataFrame.

Horizontal concatenations of trees or chains (creating a logical dataset with the same number of rows and the union of the columns of multiple trees) leverages TTree's "friend" mechanism.

Simple joins of trees that do not have the same number of rows are also possible with indexed friend trees (see below).

To use friend trees in RDataFrame, set up trees with the appropriate relationships and then instantiate an RDataFrame with the main tree:

TTree main([...]);
TTree friend([...]);
main.AddFriend(&friend, "myFriend");
 
RDataFrame df(main);
auto df2 = df.Filter("myFriend.MyCol == 42");

The same applies for TChains. Columns coming from the friend trees can be referred to by their full name, like in the example above, or the friend tree name can be omitted in case the column name is not ambiguous (e.g. "MyCol" could be used instead of "myFriend.MyCol" in the example above if there is no column "MyCol" in the main tree).

Note

A common source of confusion is that trees that are written out from a multi-thread Snapshot() call will have their entries (block-wise) shuffled with respect to the original tree. Such trees cannot be used as friends of the original one: rows will be mismatched.

Indexed friend trees provide a way to perform simple joins of multiple trees over a common column. When a certain entry in the main tree (or chain) is loaded, the friend trees (or chains) will then load an entry where the "index" columns have a value identical to the one in the main one. For example, in Python:

main_tree = ...
aux_tree = ...
 
# If a friend tree has an index on `commonColumn`, when the main tree loads
# a given row, it also loads the row of the friend tree that has the same
# value of `commonColumn`
aux_tree.BuildIndex("commonColumn")
 
mainTree.AddFriend(aux_tree)
 
df = ROOT.RDataFrame(mainTree)

RDataFrame supports indexed friend TTrees from ROOT v6.24 in single-thread mode and from v6.28/02 in multi-thread mode.

Reading data formats other than ROOT trees

RDataFrame can be interfaced with RDataSources. The ROOT::RDF::RDataSource interface defines an API that RDataFrame can use to read arbitrary columnar data formats.

RDataFrame calls into concrete RDataSource implementations to retrieve information about the data, retrieve (thread-local) readers or "cursors" for selected columns and to advance the readers to the desired data entry. Some predefined RDataSources are natively provided by ROOT such as the ROOT::RDF::RCsvDS which allows to read comma separated files:

auto tdf = ROOT::RDF::FromCSV("MuRun2010B.csv");
auto filteredEvents =
   tdf.Filter("Q1 * Q2 == -1")
      .Define("m", "sqrt(pow(E1 + E2, 2) - (pow(px1 + px2, 2) + pow(py1 + py2, 2) + pow(pz1 + pz2, 2)))");
auto h = filteredEvents.Histo1D("m");
h->Draw();

See also FromNumpy (Python-only), FromRNTuple(), FromArrow(), FromSqlite().

Computation graphs (storing and reusing sets of transformations)

As we saw, transformed dataframes can be stored as variables and reused multiple times to create modified versions of the dataset. This implicitly defines a computation graph in which several paths of filtering/creation of columns are executed simultaneously, and finally aggregated results are produced.

RDataFrame detects when several actions use the same filter or the same defined column, and only evaluates each filter or defined column once per event, regardless of how many times that result is used down the computation graph. Objects read from each column are built once and never copied, for maximum efficiency. When "upstream" filters are not passed, subsequent filters, temporary column expressions and actions are not evaluated, so it might be advisable to put the strictest filters first in the graph.

Visualizing the computation graph

It is possible to print the computation graph from any node to obtain a DOT (graphviz) representation either on the standard output or in a file.

Invoking the function ROOT::RDF::SaveGraph() on any node that is not the head node, the computation graph of the branch the node belongs to is printed. By using the head node, the entire computation graph is printed.

Following there is an example of usage:

// First, a sample computational graph is built
ROOT::RDataFrame df("tree", "f.root");
 
auto df2 = df.Define("x", []() { return 1; })
             .Filter("col0 % 1 == col0")
             .Filter([](int b1) { return b1 <2; }, {"cut1"})
             .Define("y", []() { return 1; });
 
auto count =  df2.Count();
 
// Prints the graph to the rd1.dot file in the current directory
ROOT::RDF::SaveGraph(df, "./mydot.dot");
// Prints the graph to standard output
ROOT::RDF::SaveGraph(df);

The generated graph can be rendered using one of the graphviz filters, e.g. dot. For instance, the image below can be generated with the following command:

$ dot -Tpng computation_graph.dot -ocomputation_graph.png

Activating RDataFrame execution logs

RDataFrame has experimental support for verbose logging of the event loop runtimes and other interesting related information. It is activated as follows:

#include <ROOT/RLogger.hxx>
 
// this increases RDF's verbosity level as long as the `verbosity` variable is in scope
auto verbosity = ROOT::Experimental::RLogScopedVerbosity(ROOT::Detail::RDF::RDFLogChannel(), ROOT::Experimental::ELogLevel::kInfo);

or in Python:

import ROOT
 
verbosity = ROOT.Experimental.RLogScopedVerbosity(ROOT.Detail.RDF.RDFLogChannel(), ROOT.Experimental.ELogLevel.kInfo)

More information (e.g. start and end of each multi-thread task) is printed using ELogLevel.kDebug and even more (e.g. a full dump of the generated code that RDataFrame just-in-time-compiles) using ELogLevel.kDebug+10.

Creating an RDataFrame from a dataset specification file

RDataFrame can be created using a dataset specification JSON file:

import ROOT
 
df = ROOT.RDF.Experimental.FromSpec("spec.json")

The input dataset specification JSON file needs to be provided by the user and it describes all necessary samples and their associated metadata information. The main required key is the "samples" (at least one sample is needed) and the required sub-keys for each sample are "trees" and "files". Additionally, one can specify a metadata dictionary for each sample in the "metadata" key.

A simple example for the formatting of the specification in the JSON file is the following:

{
   "samples": {
      "sampleA": {
         "trees": ["tree1", "tree2"],
         "files": ["file1.root", "file2.root"],
         "metadata": {
            "lumi": 10000.0, 
            "xsec": 1.0,
            "sample_category" = "data"
            }
      },
      "sampleB": {
         "trees": ["tree3", "tree4"],
         "files": ["file3.root", "file4.root"],
         "metadata": {
            "lumi": 0.5, 
            "xsec": 1.5,
            "sample_category" = "MC_background"
            }
      }
   }
}

The metadata information from the specification file can be then accessed using the DefinePerSample function. For example, to access luminosity information (stored as a double):

df.DefinePerSample("lumi", 'rdfsampleinfo_.GetD("lumi")')

or sample_category information (stored as a string):

df.DefinePerSample("sample_category", 'rdfsampleinfo_.GetS("sample_category")')

or directly the filename:

df.DefinePerSample("name", "rdfsampleinfo_.GetSampleName()")

An example implementation of the "FromSpec" method is available in tutorial: df106_HiggstoFourLeptons.py, which also provides a corresponding exemplary JSON file for the dataset specification.

Adding a progress bar

A progress bar showing the processed event statistics can be added to any RDataFrame program. The event statistics include elapsed time, currently processed file, currently processed events, the rate of event processing and an estimated remaining time (per file being processed). It is recorded and printed in the terminal every m events and every n seconds (by default m = 1000 and n = 1). The ProgressBar can be also added when the multithread (MT) mode is enabled.

ProgressBar is added after creating the dataframe object (df):

ROOT::RDataFrame df("tree", "file.root");
ROOT::RDF::Experimental::AddProgressBar(df);

Alternatively, RDataFrame can be cast to an RNode first, giving the user more flexibility For example, it can be called at any computational node, such as Filter or Define, not only the head node, with no change to the ProgressBar function itself (please see the Efficient analysis in Python section for appropriate usage in Python):

ROOT::RDataFrame df("tree", "file.root");
auto df_1 = ROOT::RDF::RNode(df.Filter("x>1"));
ROOT::RDF::Experimental::AddProgressBar(df_1);

Examples of implemented progress bars can be seen by running Higgs to Four Lepton tutorial and Dimuon tutorial.

Working with missing values in the dataset

In certain situations a dataset might be missing one or more values at one or more of its entries. For example:

• If the dataset is composed of multiple files and one or more files is missing one or more columns required by the analysis.
• When joining different datasets horizontally according to some index value (e.g. the event number), if the index does not find a match in one or more other datasets for a certain entry.

For example, suppose that column "y" does not have a value for entry 42:

+-------+---+---+
| Entry | x | y |
+-------+---+---+
| 42    | 1 |   |
+-------+---+---+

If the RDataFrame application reads that column, for example if a Take() action was requested, the default behaviour is to throw an exception indicating that that column is missing an entry.

The following paragraphs discuss the functionalities provided by RDataFrame to work with missing values in the dataset.

FilterAvailable and FilterMissing

FilterAvailable and FilterMissing are specialized RDataFrame Filter operations. They take as input argument the name of a column of the dataset to watch for missing values. Like Filter, they will either keep or discard an entire entry based on whether a condition returns true or false. Specifically:

• FilterAvailable: the condition is whether the value of the column is present. If so, the entry is kept. Otherwise if the value is missing the entry is discarded.
• FilterMissing: the condition is whether the value of the column is missing. If so, the entry is kept. Otherwise if the value is present the entry is discarded.

df = ROOT.RDataFrame(dataset)
 
# Anytime an entry from "col" is missing, the entire entry will be filtered out
df_available = df.FilterAvailable("col")
df_available = df_available.Define("twice", "col * 2")
 
# Conversely, if we want to select the entries for which the column has missing
# values, we do the following
df_missingcol = df.FilterMissing("col")
# Following operations in the same branch of the computation graph clearly
# cannot access that same column, since there would be no value to read
df_missingcol = df_missingcol.Define("observable", "othercolumn * 2")

ROOT::RDataFrame df{dataset};
 
// Anytime an entry from "col" is missing, the entire entry will be filtered out
auto df_available = df.FilterAvailable("col");
auto df_twicecol = df_available.Define("twice", "col * 2");
 
// Conversely, if we want to select the entries for which the column has missing
// values, we do the following
auto df_missingcol = df.FilterMissing("col");
// Following operations in the same branch of the computation graph clearly
// cannot access that same column, since there would be no value to read
auto df_observable = df_missingcol.Define("observable", "othercolumn * 2");

DefaultValueFor

DefaultValueFor creates a node of the computation graph which just forwards the values of the columns necessary for other downstream nodes, when they are available. In case a value of the input column passed to this function is not available, the node will provide the default value passed to this function call instead. Example:

df = ROOT.RDataFrame(dataset)
# Anytime an entry from "col" is missing, the value will be the default one
default_value = ... # Some sensible default value here
df = df.DefaultValueFor("col", default_value) 
df = df.Define("twice", "col * 2")

ROOT::RDataFrame df{dataset};
// Anytime an entry from "col" is missing, the value will be the default one
constexpr auto default_value = ... // Some sensible default value here
auto df_default = df.DefaultValueFor("col", default_value);
auto df_col = df_default.Define("twice", "col * 2");

Mixing different strategies to work with missing values in the same RDataFrame

All the operations presented above only act on the particular branch of the computation graph where they are called, so that different results can be obtained by mixing and matching the filtering or providing a default value strategies:

df = ROOT.RDataFrame(dataset)
# Anytime an entry from "col" is missing, the value will be the default one
default_value = ... # Some sensible default value here
df_default = df.DefaultValueFor("col", default_value).Define("twice", "col * 2")
df_filtered = df.FilterAvailable("col").Define("twice", "col * 2")
 
# Same number of total entries as the input dataset, with defaulted values
df_default.Display(["twice"]).Print()
# Only keep the entries where "col" has values
df_filtered.Display(["twice"]).Print()

ROOT::RDataFrame df{dataset};
 
// Anytime an entry from "col" is missing, the value will be the default one
constexpr auto default_value = ... // Some sensible default value here
auto df_default = df.DefaultValueFor("col", default_value).Define("twice", "col * 2");
auto df_filtered = df.FilterAvailable("col").Define("twice", "col * 2");
 
// Same number of total entries as the input dataset, with defaulted values
df_default.Display({"twice"})->Print();
// Only keep the entries where "col" has values
df_filtered.Display({"twice"})->Print();

Further considerations

Note that working with missing values is currently supported with a TTree-based data source. Support of this functionality for other data sources may come in the future.

Efficient analysis in Python

You can use RDataFrame in Python thanks to the dynamic Python/C++ translation of PyROOT. In general, the interface is the same as for C++, a simple example follows.

df = ROOT.RDataFrame("myTree", "myFile.root")
sum = df.Filter("x > 10").Sum("y")
print(sum.GetValue())

User code in the RDataFrame workflow

C++ code

In the simple example that was shown above, a C++ expression is passed to the Filter() operation as a string ("x > 0"), even if we call the method from Python. Indeed, under the hood, the analysis computations run in C++, while Python is just the interface language.

To perform more complex operations that don't fit into a simple expression string, you can just-in-time compile C++ functions - via the C++ interpreter cling - and use those functions in an expression. See the following snippet for an example:

# JIT a C++ function from Python
ROOT.gInterpreter.Declare("""
bool myFilter(float x) {
    return x > 10;
}
""")
 
df = ROOT.RDataFrame("myTree", "myFile.root")
# Use the function in an RDF operation
sum = df.Filter("myFilter(x)").Sum("y")
print(sum.GetValue())

To increase the performance even further, you can also pre-compile a C++ library with full code optimizations and load the function into the RDataFrame computation as follows.

ROOT.gSystem.Load("path/to/myLibrary.so") # Library with the myFilter function
ROOT.gInterpreter.Declare('#include "myLibrary.h"') # Header with the declaration of the myFilter function
df = ROOT.RDataFrame("myTree", "myFile.root")
sum = df.Filter("myFilter(x)").Sum("y")
print(sum.GetValue())

A more thorough explanation of how to use C++ code from Python can be found in the PyROOT manual.

Python code

ROOT also offers the option to compile Python functions with fundamental types and arrays thereof using Numba. Such compiled functions can then be used in a C++ expression provided to RDataFrame.

The function to be compiled should be decorated with ROOT.Numba.Declare, which allows to specify the parameter and return types. See the following snippet for a simple example or the full tutorial here.

@ROOT.Numba.Declare(["float"], "bool")
def myFilter(x):
    return x > 10
 
df = ROOT.RDataFrame("myTree", "myFile.root")
sum = df.Filter("Numba::myFilter(x)").Sum("y")
print(sum.GetValue())

It also works with collections: RVec objects of fundamental types can be transparently converted to/from numpy arrays:

@ROOT.Numba.Declare(['RVec<float>', 'int'], 'RVec<float>')
def pypowarray(numpyvec, pow):
    return numpyvec**pow
 
df.Define('array', 'ROOT::RVecF{1.,2.,3.}')\
  .Define('arraySquared', 'Numba::pypowarray(array, 2)')

Note that this functionality requires the Python packages numba and cffi to be installed.

Interoperability with NumPy

Conversion to NumPy arrays

Eventually, you probably would like to inspect the content of the RDataFrame or process the data further with Python libraries. For this purpose, we provide the AsNumpy() function, which returns the columns of your RDataFrame as a dictionary of NumPy arrays. See a simple example below or a full tutorial here.

df = ROOT.RDataFrame("myTree", "myFile.root")
cols = df.Filter("x > 10").AsNumpy(["x", "y"]) # retrieve columns "x" and "y" as NumPy arrays
print(cols["x"], cols["y"]) # the values of the cols dictionary are NumPy arrays

Processing data stored in NumPy arrays

In case you have data in NumPy arrays in Python and you want to process the data with ROOT, you can easily create an RDataFrame using ROOT.RDF.FromNumpy. The factory function accepts a dictionary where the keys are the column names and the values are NumPy arrays, and returns a new RDataFrame with the provided columns.

Only arrays of fundamental types (integers and floating point values) are supported and the arrays must have the same length. Data is read directly from the arrays: no copies are performed.

# Read data from NumPy arrays
# The column names in the RDataFrame are taken from the dictionary keys
x, y = numpy.array([1, 2, 3]), numpy.array([4, 5, 6])
df = ROOT.RDF.FromNumpy({"x": x, "y": y})
 
# Use RDataFrame as usual, e.g. write out a ROOT file
df.Define("z", "x + y").Snapshot("tree", "file.root")

Construct histogram and profile models from a tuple

The Histo1D(), Histo2D(), Histo3D(), Profile1D() and Profile2D() methods return histograms and profiles, respectively, which can be constructed using a model argument.

In Python, we can specify the arguments for the constructor of such histogram or profile model with a Python tuple, as shown in the example below:

# First argument is a tuple with the arguments to construct a TH1D model
h = df.Histo1D(("histName", "histTitle", 64, 0., 128.), "myColumn")

AsRNode helper function

The ROOT::RDF::AsRNode function casts an RDataFrame node to the generic ROOT::RDF::RNode type. From Python, it can be used to pass any RDataFrame node as an argument of a C++ function, as shown below:

ROOT.gInterpreter.Declare("""
ROOT::RDF::RNode MyTransformation(ROOT::RDF::RNode df) {
    auto myFunc = [](float x){ return -x;};
    return df.Define("y", myFunc, {"x"});
}
""")
 
# Cast the RDataFrame head node
df = ROOT.RDataFrame("myTree", "myFile.root")
df_transformed = ROOT.MyTransformation(ROOT.RDF.AsRNode(df))
 
# ... or any other node
df2 = df.Filter("x > 42")
df2_transformed = ROOT.MyTransformation(ROOT.RDF.AsRNode(df2))

Definition at line 41 of file RDataFrame.hxx.

Public Types
using	ColumnNames_t = ROOT::RDF::ColumnNames_t

Public Member Functions
	RDataFrame (const RDataFrame &)=default
	RDataFrame (RDataFrame &&)=default
	RDataFrame (ROOT::RDF::Experimental::RDatasetSpec spec)
	Build dataframe from an RDatasetSpec object.
	RDataFrame (std::string_view treeName, ::TDirectory *dirPtr, const ColumnNames_t &defaultColumns={})
	RDataFrame (std::string_view treename, const std::vector< std::string > &filenames, const ColumnNames_t &defaultColumns={})
	Build the dataframe.
	RDataFrame (std::string_view treename, std::initializer_list< std::string > filenames, const ColumnNames_t &defaultColumns={})
	RDataFrame (std::string_view treeName, std::string_view filenameglob, const ColumnNames_t &defaultColumns={})
	Build the dataframe.
	RDataFrame (std::unique_ptr< ROOT::RDF::RDataSource >, const ColumnNames_t &defaultColumns={})
	Build dataframe associated to data source.
	RDataFrame (TTree &tree, const ColumnNames_t &defaultColumns={})
	Build the dataframe.
	RDataFrame (ULong64_t numEntries)
	Build a dataframe that generates numEntries entries.
	~RDataFrame ()
RDataFrame &	operator= (const RDataFrame &)=default
RDataFrame &	operator= (RDataFrame &&)=default
Public Member Functions inherited from ROOT::RDF::RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager >
	RInterface (const RInterface &)=default
	Copy-ctor for RInterface.
	RInterface (const std::shared_ptr< RLoopManager > &proxied)
	Build a RInterface from a RLoopManager.
	RInterface (RInterface &&)=default
	Move-ctor for RInterface.
RResultPtr< U >	Aggregate (AccFun aggregator, MergeFun merger, std::string_view columnName, const U &aggIdentity)
	Execute a user-defined accumulation operation on the processed column values in each processing slot.
RResultPtr< U >	Aggregate (AccFun aggregator, MergeFun merger, std::string_view columnName="")
	Execute a user-defined accumulation operation on the processed column values in each processing slot.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Alias (std::string_view alias, std::string_view columnName)
	Allow to refer to a column with a different name.
RResultPtr< typename std::decay_t< Helper >::Result_t >	Book (Helper &&helper, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Book execution of a custom action using a user-defined helper object.
RInterface< RLoopManager >	Cache (const ColumnNames_t &columnList)
	Save selected columns in memory.
RInterface< RLoopManager >	Cache (const ColumnNames_t &columnList)
	Save selected columns in memory.
RInterface< RLoopManager >	Cache (std::initializer_list< std::string > columnList)
	Save selected columns in memory.
RInterface< RLoopManager >	Cache (std::string_view columnNameRegexp="")
	Save selected columns in memory.
RResultPtr< ULong64_t >	Count ()
	Return the number of entries processed (lazy action).
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	DefaultValueFor (std::string_view column, const T &defaultValue)
	In case the value in the given column is missing, provide a default value.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Define (std::string_view name, F expression, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Define a new column.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Define (std::string_view name, std::string_view expression)
	Define a new column.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	DefinePerSample (std::string_view name, F expression)
	Define a new column that is updated when the input sample changes.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	DefinePerSample (std::string_view name, std::string_view expression)
	Define a new column that is updated when the input sample changes.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	DefineSlot (std::string_view name, F expression, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Define a new column with a value dependent on the processing slot.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	DefineSlotEntry (std::string_view name, F expression, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Define a new column with a value dependent on the processing slot and the current entry.
RResultPtr< RDisplay >	Display (const ColumnNames_t &columnList, size_t nRows=5, size_t nMaxCollectionElements=10)
	Provides a representation of the columns in the dataset.
RResultPtr< RDisplay >	Display (const ColumnNames_t &columnList, size_t nRows=5, size_t nMaxCollectionElements=10)
	Provides a representation of the columns in the dataset.
RResultPtr< RDisplay >	Display (std::initializer_list< std::string > columnList, size_t nRows=5, size_t nMaxCollectionElements=10)
	Provides a representation of the columns in the dataset.
RResultPtr< RDisplay >	Display (std::string_view columnNameRegexp="", size_t nRows=5, size_t nMaxCollectionElements=10)
	Provides a representation of the columns in the dataset.
RResultPtr< std::decay_t< T > >	Fill (T &&model, const ColumnNames_t &columnList)
	Return an object of type T on which T::Fill will be called once per event (lazy action).
RInterface< RDFDetail::RFilter< F, RDFDetail::RLoopManager >, DS_t >	Filter (F f, const ColumnNames_t &columns={}, std::string_view name="")
	Append a filter to the call graph.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RFilter< F, RDFDetail::RLoopManager >, DS_t >	Filter (F f, const std::initializer_list< std::string > &columns)
	Append a filter to the call graph.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RFilter< F, RDFDetail::RLoopManager >, DS_t >	Filter (F f, std::string_view name)
	Append a filter to the call graph.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RJittedFilter, DS_t >	Filter (std::string_view expression, std::string_view name="")
	Append a filter to the call graph.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RFilterWithMissingValues< RDFDetail::RLoopManager >, DS_t >	FilterAvailable (std::string_view column)
	Discard entries with missing values.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RFilterWithMissingValues< RDFDetail::RLoopManager >, DS_t >	FilterMissing (std::string_view column)
	Keep only the entries that have missing values.
void	Foreach (F f, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Execute a user-defined function on each entry (instant action).
void	ForeachSlot (F f, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Execute a user-defined function requiring a processing slot index on each entry (instant action).
std::vector< std::string >	GetFilterNames ()
	Returns the names of the filters created.
RResultPtr<::TGraph >	Graph (std::string_view x="", std::string_view y="")
	Fill and return a TGraph object (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TGraphAsymmErrors >	GraphAsymmErrors (std::string_view x="", std::string_view y="", std::string_view exl="", std::string_view exh="", std::string_view eyl="", std::string_view eyh="")
	Fill and return a TGraphAsymmErrors object (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH1D >	Histo1D (const TH1DModel &model, std::string_view vName, std::string_view wName)
	Fill and return a one-dimensional histogram with the weighted values of a column (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH1D >	Histo1D (const TH1DModel &model={"", "", 128u, 0., 0.})
	Fill and return a one-dimensional histogram with the weighted values of a column (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH1D >	Histo1D (const TH1DModel &model={"", "", 128u, 0., 0.}, std::string_view vName="")
	Fill and return a one-dimensional histogram with the values of a column (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH1D >	Histo1D (std::string_view vName)
	Fill and return a one-dimensional histogram with the values of a column (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH1D >	Histo1D (std::string_view vName, std::string_view wName)
	Fill and return a one-dimensional histogram with the weighted values of a column (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH2D >	Histo2D (const TH2DModel &model)
RResultPtr<::TH2D >	Histo2D (const TH2DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name, std::string_view v2Name, std::string_view wName)
	Fill and return a weighted two-dimensional histogram (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH2D >	Histo2D (const TH2DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name="", std::string_view v2Name="")
	Fill and return a two-dimensional histogram (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH3D >	Histo3D (const TH3DModel &model)
RResultPtr<::TH3D >	Histo3D (const TH3DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name, std::string_view v2Name, std::string_view v3Name, std::string_view wName)
	Fill and return a three-dimensional histogram (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TH3D >	Histo3D (const TH3DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name="", std::string_view v2Name="", std::string_view v3Name="")
	Fill and return a three-dimensional histogram (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::THnD >	HistoND (const THnDModel &model, const ColumnNames_t &columnList)
	Fill and return an N-dimensional histogram (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::THnD >	HistoND (const THnDModel &model, const ColumnNames_t &columnList)
	Fill and return an N-dimensional histogram (lazy action).
RResultPtr< RDFDetail::MaxReturnType_t< T > >	Max (std::string_view columnName="")
	Return the maximum of processed column values (lazy action).
RResultPtr< double >	Mean (std::string_view columnName="")
	Return the mean of processed column values (lazy action).
RResultPtr< RDFDetail::MinReturnType_t< T > >	Min (std::string_view columnName="")
	Return the minimum of processed column values (lazy action).
	operator RNode () const
	Cast any RDataFrame node to a common type ROOT::RDF::RNode.
RInterface &	operator= (const RInterface &)=default
	Copy-assignment operator for RInterface.
RInterface &	operator= (RInterface &&)=default
	Move-assignment operator for RInterface.
RResultPtr<::TProfile >	Profile1D (const TProfile1DModel &model)
	Fill and return a one-dimensional profile (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TProfile >	Profile1D (const TProfile1DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name, std::string_view v2Name, std::string_view wName)
	Fill and return a one-dimensional profile (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TProfile >	Profile1D (const TProfile1DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name="", std::string_view v2Name="")
	Fill and return a one-dimensional profile (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TProfile2D >	Profile2D (const TProfile2DModel &model)
	Fill and return a two-dimensional profile (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TProfile2D >	Profile2D (const TProfile2DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name, std::string_view v2Name, std::string_view v3Name, std::string_view wName)
	Fill and return a two-dimensional profile (lazy action).
RResultPtr<::TProfile2D >	Profile2D (const TProfile2DModel &model, std::string_view v1Name="", std::string_view v2Name="", std::string_view v3Name="")
	Fill and return a two-dimensional profile (lazy action).
RInterface< RDFDetail::RRange< RDFDetail::RLoopManager >, DS_t >	Range (unsigned int begin, unsigned int end, unsigned int stride=1)
	Creates a node that filters entries based on range: [begin, end).
RInterface< RDFDetail::RRange< RDFDetail::RLoopManager >, DS_t >	Range (unsigned int end)
	Creates a node that filters entries based on range.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Redefine (std::string_view name, F expression, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Overwrite the value and/or type of an existing column.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Redefine (std::string_view name, std::string_view expression)
	Overwrite the value and/or type of an existing column.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	RedefineSlot (std::string_view name, F expression, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Overwrite the value and/or type of an existing column.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	RedefineSlotEntry (std::string_view name, F expression, const ColumnNames_t &columns={})
	Overwrite the value and/or type of an existing column.
RResultPtr< T >	Reduce (F f, std::string_view columnName, const T &redIdentity)
	Execute a user-defined reduce operation on the values of a column.
RResultPtr< T >	Reduce (F f, std::string_view columnName="")
	Execute a user-defined reduce operation on the values of a column.
RResultPtr< RCutFlowReport >	Report ()
	Gather filtering statistics.
RResultPtr< RInterface< RLoopManager > >	Snapshot (std::string_view treename, std::string_view filename, const ColumnNames_t &columnList, const RSnapshotOptions &options=RSnapshotOptions())
	Save selected columns to disk, in a new TTree treename in file filename.
RResultPtr< RInterface< RLoopManager > >	Snapshot (std::string_view treename, std::string_view filename, const ColumnNames_t &columnList, const RSnapshotOptions &options=RSnapshotOptions())
	Save selected columns to disk, in a new TTree treename in file filename.
RResultPtr< RInterface< RLoopManager > >	Snapshot (std::string_view treename, std::string_view filename, std::initializer_list< std::string > columnList, const RSnapshotOptions &options=RSnapshotOptions())
	Save selected columns to disk, in a new TTree treename in file filename.
RResultPtr< RInterface< RLoopManager > >	Snapshot (std::string_view treename, std::string_view filename, std::string_view columnNameRegexp="", const RSnapshotOptions &options=RSnapshotOptions())
	Save selected columns to disk, in a new TTree treename in file filename.
RResultPtr< TStatistic >	Stats (std::string_view value, std::string_view weight)
	Return a TStatistic object, filled once per event (lazy action).
RResultPtr< TStatistic >	Stats (std::string_view value="")
	Return a TStatistic object, filled once per event (lazy action).
RResultPtr< double >	StdDev (std::string_view columnName="")
	Return the unbiased standard deviation of processed column values (lazy action).
RResultPtr< RDFDetail::SumReturnType_t< T > >	Sum (std::string_view columnName="", const RDFDetail::SumReturnType_t< T > &initValue=RDFDetail::SumReturnType_t< T >{})
	Return the sum of processed column values (lazy action).
RResultPtr< COLL >	Take (std::string_view column="")
	Return a collection of values of a column (lazy action, returns a std::vector by default).
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (const std::vector< std::string > &colNames, F &&expression, const ColumnNames_t &inputColumns, const std::vector< std::string > &variationTags, std::string_view variationName)
	Register systematic variations for multiple existing columns using custom variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (const std::vector< std::string > &colNames, F &&expression, const ColumnNames_t &inputColumns, std::size_t nVariations, std::string_view variationName)
	Register systematic variations for multiple existing columns using auto-generated tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (const std::vector< std::string > &colNames, std::string_view expression, const std::vector< std::string > &variationTags, std::string_view variationName)
	Register systematic variations for multiple existing columns using custom variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (const std::vector< std::string > &colNames, std::string_view expression, std::size_t nVariations, std::string_view variationName)
	Register systematic variations for multiple existing columns using auto-generated variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (std::initializer_list< std::string > colNames, F &&expression, const ColumnNames_t &inputColumns, const std::vector< std::string > &variationTags, std::string_view variationName)
	Register systematic variations for multiple existing columns using custom variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (std::initializer_list< std::string > colNames, F &&expression, const ColumnNames_t &inputColumns, std::size_t nVariations, std::string_view variationName)
	Register systematic variations for for multiple existing columns using custom variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (std::initializer_list< std::string > colNames, std::string_view expression, std::size_t nVariations, std::string_view variationName)
	Register systematic variations for multiple existing columns using auto-generated variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (std::string_view colName, F &&expression, const ColumnNames_t &inputColumns, const std::vector< std::string > &variationTags, std::string_view variationName="")
	Register systematic variations for a single existing column using custom variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (std::string_view colName, F &&expression, const ColumnNames_t &inputColumns, std::size_t nVariations, std::string_view variationName="")
	Register systematic variations for a single existing column using auto-generated variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (std::string_view colName, std::string_view expression, const std::vector< std::string > &variationTags, std::string_view variationName="")
	Register systematic variations for a single existing column using custom variation tags.
RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager, DS_t >	Vary (std::string_view colName, std::string_view expression, std::size_t nVariations, std::string_view variationName="")
	Register systematic variations for a single existing column using auto-generated variation tags.
Public Member Functions inherited from ROOT::RDF::RInterfaceBase
	RInterfaceBase (RDFDetail::RLoopManager &lm, const RDFInternal::RColumnRegister &colRegister)
	RInterfaceBase (std::shared_ptr< RDFDetail::RLoopManager > lm)
RDFDescription	Describe ()
	Return information about the dataframe.
ColumnNames_t	GetColumnNames ()
	Returns the names of the available columns.
std::string	GetColumnType (std::string_view column)
	Return the type of a given column as a string.
ColumnNames_t	GetDefinedColumnNames ()
	Returns the names of the defined columns.
unsigned int	GetNFiles ()
unsigned int	GetNRuns () const
	Gets the number of event loops run.
unsigned int	GetNSlots () const
	Gets the number of data processing slots.
RVariationsDescription	GetVariations () const
	Return a descriptor for the systematic variations registered in this branch of the computation graph.
bool	HasColumn (std::string_view columnName)
	Checks if a column is present in the dataset.

Additional Inherited Members
Protected Member Functions inherited from ROOT::RDF::RInterface< RDFDetail::RLoopManager >
	RInterface (const std::shared_ptr< RDFDetail::RLoopManager > &proxied, RLoopManager &lm, const RDFInternal::RColumnRegister &colRegister)
const std::shared_ptr< RDFDetail::RLoopManager > &	GetProxiedPtr () const
Protected Member Functions inherited from ROOT::RDF::RInterfaceBase
void	AddDefaultColumns ()
template<typename... ColumnTypes>
void	CheckAndFillDSColumns (ColumnNames_t validCols, TTraits::TypeList< ColumnTypes... > typeList)
void	CheckIMTDisabled (std::string_view callerName)
template<typename ActionTag , typename... ColTypes, typename ActionResultType , typename RDFNode , typename HelperArgType = ActionResultType, std::enable_if_t< RDFInternal::RNeedJitting< ColTypes... >::value, int > = 0>
RResultPtr< ActionResultType >	CreateAction (const ColumnNames_t &columns, const std::shared_ptr< ActionResultType > &r, const std::shared_ptr< HelperArgType > &helperArg, const std::shared_ptr< RDFNode > &proxiedPtr, const int nColumns=-1, const bool vector2RVec=true)
	Create RAction object, return RResultPtr for the action Overload for the case in which one or more column types were not specified (RTTI + jitting).
template<typename ActionTag , typename... ColTypes, typename ActionResultType , typename RDFNode , typename HelperArgType = ActionResultType, std::enable_if_t<!RDFInternal::RNeedJitting< ColTypes... >::value, int > = 0>
RResultPtr< ActionResultType >	CreateAction (const ColumnNames_t &columns, const std::shared_ptr< ActionResultType > &r, const std::shared_ptr< HelperArgType > &helperArg, const std::shared_ptr< RDFNode > &proxiedPtr, const int=-1)
	Create RAction object, return RResultPtr for the action Overload for the case in which all column types were specified (no jitting).
std::string	DescribeDataset () const
ColumnNames_t	GetColumnTypeNamesList (const ColumnNames_t &columnList)
RDFDetail::RLoopManager *	GetLoopManager () const
ColumnNames_t	GetValidatedColumnNames (const unsigned int nColumns, const ColumnNames_t &columns)
template<typename RetType >
void	SanityChecksForVary (const std::vector< std::string > &colNames, const std::vector< std::string > &variationTags, std::string_view variationName)
Protected Attributes inherited from ROOT::RDF::RInterfaceBase
RDFInternal::RColumnRegister	fColRegister
	Contains the columns defined up to this node.
RDataSource *	fDataSource = nullptr
	Non-owning pointer to a data-source object. Null if no data-source. RLoopManager has ownership of the object.
std::shared_ptr< ROOT::Detail::RDF::RLoopManager >	fLoopManager
	< The RLoopManager at the root of this computation graph. Never null.

#include <ROOT/RDataFrame.hxx>

Inheritance diagram for ROOT::RDataFrame:

Member Typedef Documentation

ColumnNames_t

using ROOT::RDataFrame::ColumnNames_t = ROOT::RDF::ColumnNames_t

Definition at line 43 of file RDataFrame.hxx.

Constructor & Destructor Documentation

RDataFrame() [1/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame	(	std::string_view	treeName,
		std::string_view	fileNameGlob,
		const ColumnNames_t &	defaultColumns = {}
	)

Build the dataframe.

Parameters

[in]	treeName	Name of the tree contained in the directory
[in]	filenameglob	TDirectory where the tree is stored, e.g. a TFile.
[in]	defaultColumns	Collection of default columns.

The filename glob supports the same type of expressions as TChain::Add(), and it is passed as-is to TChain's constructor.

The default columns are looked at in case no column is specified in the booking of actions or transformations.

See also

ROOT::RDF::RInterface for the documentation of the methods available.

Definition at line 1768 of file RDataFrame.cxx.

RDataFrame() [2/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame	(	std::string_view	datasetName,
		const std::vector< std::string > &	fileNameGlobs,
		const ColumnNames_t &	defaultColumns = {}
	)

Build the dataframe.

Parameters

[in]	treeName	Name of the tree contained in the directory
[in]	fileglobs	Collection of file names of filename globs
[in]	defaultColumns	Collection of default columns.

The filename globs support the same type of expressions as TChain::Add(), and each glob is passed as-is to TChain's constructor.

The default columns are looked at in case no column is specified in the booking of actions or transformations.

See also

ROOT::RDF::RInterface for the documentation of the methods available.

Definition at line 1792 of file RDataFrame.cxx.

RDataFrame() [3/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame ( std::string_view  treename, std::initializer_list< std::string >  filenames, const ColumnNames_t &  defaultColumns = {}  )

inline

Definition at line 47 of file RDataFrame.hxx.

RDataFrame() [4/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame	(	std::string_view	treeName,
		::TDirectory *	dirPtr,
		const ColumnNames_t &	defaultColumns = {}
	)

RDataFrame() [5/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame	(	TTree &	tree,
		const ColumnNames_t &	defaultColumns = {}
	)

Build the dataframe.

Parameters

[in]	tree	The tree or chain to be studied.
[in]	defaultColumns	Collection of default column names to fall back to when none is specified.

The default columns are looked at in case no column is specified in the booking of actions or transformations.

See also

ROOT::RDF::RInterface for the documentation of the methods available.

Definition at line 1807 of file RDataFrame.cxx.

RDataFrame() [6/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame

(

ULong64_t

numEntries

)

Build a dataframe that generates numEntries entries.

Parameters

[in]

numEntries

The number of entries to generate.

An empty-source dataframe constructed with a number of entries will generate those entries on the fly when some action is triggered, and it will do so for all the previously-defined columns.

See also

ROOT::RDF::RInterface for the documentation of the methods available.

Definition at line 1820 of file RDataFrame.cxx.

RDataFrame() [7/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame	(	std::unique_ptr< ROOT::RDF::RDataSource >	ds,
		const ColumnNames_t &	defaultColumns = {}
	)

Build dataframe associated to data source.

Parameters

[in]	ds	The data source object.
[in]	defaultColumns	Collection of default column names to fall back to when none is specified.

A dataframe associated to a data source will query it to access column values.

See also

ROOT::RDF::RInterface for the documentation of the methods available.

Definition at line 1833 of file RDataFrame.cxx.

RDataFrame() [8/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame

(

ROOT::RDF::Experimental::RDatasetSpec

spec

)

Build dataframe from an RDatasetSpec object.

Parameters

[in]

spec

The dataset specification object.

A dataset specification includes trees and file names, as well as an optional friend list and/or entry range.

Example usage from Python:

spec = (
    ROOT.RDF.Experimental.RDatasetSpec()
    .AddSample(("data", "tree", "file.root"))
    .WithGlobalFriends("friendTree", "friend.root", "alias")
    .WithGlobalRange((100, 200))
)
df = ROOT.RDataFrame(spec)

See also ROOT::RDataFrame::FromSpec().

Definition at line 1857 of file RDataFrame.cxx.

RDataFrame() [9/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame ( const RDataFrame &  )

default

RDataFrame() [10/10]

ROOT::RDataFrame::RDataFrame ( RDataFrame &&  )

default

~RDataFrame()

ROOT::RDataFrame::~RDataFrame

(

)

Definition at line 1862 of file RDataFrame.cxx.

Member Function Documentation

operator=() [1/2]

RDataFrame & ROOT::RDataFrame::operator= ( const RDataFrame &  )

default

operator=() [2/2]

RDataFrame & ROOT::RDataFrame::operator= ( RDataFrame &&  )

default

Libraries for ROOT::RDataFrame:

---

The documentation for this class was generated from the following files:

• tree/dataframe/inc/ROOT/RDataFrame.hxx
• tree/dataframe/src/RDataFrame.cxx