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df001_introduction.py File Reference

Detailed Description

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Basic usage of RDataFrame from python.

This tutorial illustrates the basic features of the RDataFrame class, a utility which allows to interact with data stored in TTrees following a functional-chain like approach.

import ROOT
def fill_tree(treeName, fileName):
"""A simple helper function to fill a test tree: this makes the example stand-alone."""
df = ROOT.RDataFrame(10)
df.Define("b1", "static_cast<double>(rdfentry_)")\
.Define("b2", "static_cast<int>(rdfentry_ * rdfentry_)").Snapshot(treeName, fileName)
# We prepare an input tree to run on
fileName = "df001_introduction_py.root"
treeName = "myTree"
fill_tree(treeName, fileName)
# We read the tree from the file and create a RDataFrame, a class that
# allows us to interact with the data contained in the tree.
d = ROOT.RDataFrame(treeName, fileName)
# Operations on the dataframe
# We now review some *actions* which can be performed on the data frame.
# Actions can be divided into instant actions (e. g. Foreach()) and lazy
# actions (e. g. Count()), depending on whether they trigger the event
# loop immediately or only when one of the results is accessed for the
# first time. Actions that return "something" either return their result
# wrapped in a RResultPtr or in a RDataFrame.
# But first of all, let us we define now our cut-flow with two strings.
# Filters can be expressed as strings. The content must be C++ code. The
# name of the variables must be the name of the branches. The code is
# just-in-time compiled.
cutb1 = 'b1 < 5.'
cutb1b2 = 'b2 % 2 && b1 < 4.'
# `Count` action
# The `Count` allows to retrieve the number of the entries that passed the
# filters. Here we show how the automatic selection of the column kicks
# in in case the user specifies none.
entries1 = d.Filter(cutb1) \
.Filter(cutb1b2) \
.Count();
print('{} entries passed all filters'.format(entries1.GetValue()))
entries2 = d.Filter("b1 < 5.").Count();
print('{} entries passed all filters'.format(entries2.GetValue()))
# `Min`, `Max` and `Mean` actions
# These actions allow to retrieve statistical information about the entries
# passing the cuts, if any.
b1b2_cut = d.Filter(cutb1b2)
minVal = b1b2_cut.Min('b1')
maxVal = b1b2_cut.Max('b1')
meanVal = b1b2_cut.Mean('b1')
nonDefmeanVal = b1b2_cut.Mean("b2")
print('The mean is always included between the min and the max: {0} <= {1} <= {2}'.format(minVal.GetValue(), meanVal.GetValue(), maxVal.GetValue()))
# `Histo1D` action
# The `Histo1D` action allows to fill an histogram. It returns a TH1F filled
# with values of the column that passed the filters. For the most common
# types, the type of the values stored in the column is automatically
# guessed.
hist = d.Filter(cutb1).Histo1D('b1')
print('Filled h {0} times, mean: {1}'.format(hist.GetEntries(), hist.GetMean()))
# Express your chain of operations with clarity!
# We are discussing an example here but it is not hard to imagine much more
# complex pipelines of actions acting on data. Those might require code
# which is well organised, for example allowing to conditionally add filters
# or again to clearly separate filters and actions without the need of
# writing the entire pipeline on one line. This can be easily achieved.
# We'll show this re-working the `Count` example:
cutb1_result = d.Filter(cutb1);
cutb1b2_result = d.Filter(cutb1b2);
cutb1_cutb1b2_result = cutb1_result.Filter(cutb1b2)
# Now we want to count:
evts_cutb1_result = cutb1_result.Count()
evts_cutb1b2_result = cutb1b2_result.Count()
evts_cutb1_cutb1b2_result = cutb1_cutb1b2_result.Count()
print('Events passing cutb1: {}'.format(evts_cutb1_result.GetValue()))
print('Events passing cutb1b2: {}'.format(evts_cutb1b2_result.GetValue()))
print('Events passing both: {}'.format(evts_cutb1_cutb1b2_result.GetValue()))
# Calculating quantities starting from existing columns
# Often, operations need to be carried out on quantities calculated starting
# from the ones present in the columns. We'll create in this example a third
# column, the values of which are the sum of the *b1* and *b2* ones, entry by
# entry. The way in which the new quantity is defined is via a callable.
# It is important to note two aspects at this point:
# - The value is created on the fly only if the entry passed the existing
# filters.
# - The newly created column behaves as the one present on the file on disk.
# - The operation creates a new value, without modifying anything. De facto,
# this is like having a general container at disposal able to accommodate
# any value of any type.
# Let's dive in an example:
entries_sum = d.Define('sum', 'b2 + b1') \
.Filter('sum > 4.2') \
.Count()
print(entries_sum.GetValue())
Option_t Option_t TPoint TPoint const char GetTextMagnitude GetFillStyle GetLineColor GetLineWidth GetMarkerStyle GetTextAlign GetTextColor GetTextSize void char Point_t Rectangle_t WindowAttributes_t Float_t Float_t Float_t Int_t Int_t UInt_t UInt_t Rectangle_t Int_t Int_t Window_t TString Int_t GCValues_t GetPrimarySelectionOwner GetDisplay GetScreen GetColormap GetNativeEvent const char const char dpyName wid window const char font_name cursor keysym reg const char only_if_exist regb h Point_t winding char text const char depth char const char Int_t count const char ColorStruct_t color const char Pixmap_t Pixmap_t PictureAttributes_t attr const char char ret_data h unsigned char height h Atom_t Int_t ULong_t ULong_t unsigned char prop_list Atom_t Atom_t Atom_t Time_t format
ROOT's RDataFrame offers a modern, high-level interface for analysis of data stored in TTree ,...
2 entries passed all filters
5 entries passed all filters
The mean is always included between the min and the max: 1.0 <= 2.0 <= 3.0
Filled h 5.0 times, mean: 2.0
Events passing cutb1: 5
Events passing cutb1b2: 2
Events passing both: 2
8
Date
May 2017
Author
Danilo Piparo (CERN)

Definition in file df001_introduction.py.