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df103_NanoAODHiggsAnalysis.py File Reference

Detailed Description

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An example of complex analysis with RDataFrame: reconstructing the Higgs boson.

This tutorial is a simplified but yet complex example of an analysis reconstructing the Higgs boson decaying to two Z bosons from events with four leptons. The data and simulated events are taken from CERN OpenData representing a subset of the data recorded in 2012 with the CMS detector at the LHC. The tutorials follows the Higgs to four leptons analysis published on CERN Open Data portal (10.7483/OPENDATA.CMS.JKB8.RR42). The resulting plots show the invariant mass of the selected four lepton systems in different decay modes (four muons, four electrons and two of each kind) and in a combined plot indicating the decay of the Higgs boson with a mass of about 125 GeV.

The following steps are performed for each sample with data and simulated events in order to reconstruct the Higgs boson from the selected muons and electrons:

  1. Select interesting events with multiple cuts on event properties, e.g., number of leptons, kinematics of the leptons and quality of the tracks.
  2. Reconstruct two Z bosons of which only one on the mass shell from the selected events and apply additional cuts on the reconstructed objects.
  3. Reconstruct the Higgs boson from the remaining Z boson candidates and calculate its invariant mass.

Another aim of this version of the tutorial is to show a way to blend C++ and Python code. All the functions that make computations on data to define new columns or filter existing ones in a precise way, better suited to be written in C++, have been moved to a header that is then declared to the ROOT C++ interpreter. The functions that instead create nodes of the computational graph (e.g. Filter, Define) remain inside the main Python script.

The tutorial has the fast mode enabled by default, which reads the data from already skimmed datasets with a total size of only 51MB. If the fast mode is disabled, the tutorial runs over the full dataset with a size of 12GB.

import ROOT
import os
# Enable multi-threading
ROOT.ROOT.EnableImplicitMT()
# Include necessary header
higgs_header_path = os.path.join(os.sep, str(ROOT.gROOT.GetTutorialDir()) + os.sep, "dataframe" + os.sep,
"df103_NanoAODHiggsAnalysis_python.h")
ROOT.gInterpreter.Declare('#include "{}"'.format(higgs_header_path))
# Python functions
def reco_higgs_to_2el2mu(df):
"""Reconstruct Higgs from two electrons and two muons"""
# Filter interesting events
df_base = selection_2el2mu(df)
# Compute masses of Z systems
df_z_mass = df_base.Define("Z_mass", "compute_z_masses_2el2mu(Electron_pt, Electron_eta, Electron_phi,"
" Electron_mass, Muon_pt, Muon_eta, Muon_phi, Muon_mass)")
# Cut on mass of Z candidates
df_z_cut = filter_z_candidates(df_z_mass)
# Reconstruct H mass
df_h_mass = df_z_cut.Define("H_mass", "compute_higgs_mass_2el2mu(Electron_pt, Electron_eta, Electron_phi,"
" Electron_mass, Muon_pt, Muon_eta, Muon_phi, Muon_mass)")
return df_h_mass
def selection_2el2mu(df):
"""Select interesting events with two electrons and two muons"""
df_ge2el2mu = df.Filter("nElectron>=2 && nMuon>=2", "At least two electrons and two muons")
df_eta = df_ge2el2mu.Filter("All(abs(Electron_eta)<2.5) && All(abs(Muon_eta)<2.4)", "Eta cuts")
df_pt = df_eta.Filter("pt_cuts(Muon_pt, Electron_pt)", "Pt cuts")
df_dr = df_pt.Filter("dr_cuts(Muon_eta, Muon_phi, Electron_eta, Electron_phi)", "Dr cuts")
df_iso = df_dr.Filter("All(abs(Electron_pfRelIso03_all)<0.40) && All(abs(Muon_pfRelIso04_all)<0.40)",
"Require good isolation")
df_el_ip3d = df_iso.Define("Electron_ip3d_el", "sqrt(Electron_dxy*Electron_dxy + Electron_dz*Electron_dz)")
df_el_sip3d = df_el_ip3d.Define("Electron_sip3d_el",
"Electron_ip3d_el/sqrt(Electron_dxyErr*Electron_dxyErr + "
"Electron_dzErr*Electron_dzErr)")
df_el_track = df_el_sip3d.Filter("All(Electron_sip3d_el<4) && All(abs(Electron_dxy)<0.5) &&"
" All(abs(Electron_dz)<1.0)",
"Electron track close to primary vertex with small uncertainty")
df_mu_ip3d = df_el_track.Define("Muon_ip3d_mu", "sqrt(Muon_dxy*Muon_dxy + Muon_dz*Muon_dz)")
df_mu_sip3d = df_mu_ip3d.Define("Muon_sip3d_mu",
"Muon_ip3d_mu/sqrt(Muon_dxyErr*Muon_dxyErr + Muon_dzErr*Muon_dzErr)")
df_mu_track = df_mu_sip3d.Filter("All(Muon_sip3d_mu<4) && All(abs(Muon_dxy)<0.5) && All(abs(Muon_dz)<1.0)",
"Muon track close to primary vertex with small uncertainty")
df_2p2n = df_mu_track.Filter("Sum(Electron_charge)==0 && Sum(Muon_charge)==0",
"Two opposite charged electron and muon pairs")
return df_2p2n
def reco_higgs_to_4mu(df):
"""Reconstruct Higgs from four muons"""
# Filter interesting events
df_base = selection_4mu(df)
# Reconstruct Z systems
df_z_idx = df_base.Define("Z_idx", "reco_zz_to_4l(Muon_pt, Muon_eta, Muon_phi, Muon_mass, Muon_charge)")
# Cut on distance between muons building Z systems
df_z_dr = df_z_idx.Filter("filter_z_dr(Z_idx, Muon_eta, Muon_phi)", "Delta R separation of muons building Z system")
# Compute masses of Z systems
df_z_mass = df_z_dr.Define("Z_mass", "compute_z_masses_4l(Z_idx, Muon_pt, Muon_eta, Muon_phi, Muon_mass)")
# Cut on mass of Z candidates
df_z_cut = filter_z_candidates(df_z_mass)
# Reconstruct H mass
df_h_mass = df_z_cut.Define("H_mass", "compute_higgs_mass_4l(Z_idx, Muon_pt, Muon_eta, Muon_phi, Muon_mass)")
return df_h_mass
def selection_4mu(df):
"""Select interesting events with four muons"""
df_ge4m = df.Filter("nMuon>=4", "At least four muons")
df_iso = df_ge4m.Filter("All(abs(Muon_pfRelIso04_all)<0.40)", "Require good isolation")
df_kin = df_iso.Filter("All(Muon_pt>5) && All(abs(Muon_eta)<2.4)", "Good muon kinematics")
df_ip3d = df_kin.Define("Muon_ip3d", "sqrt(Muon_dxy*Muon_dxy + Muon_dz*Muon_dz)")
df_sip3d = df_ip3d.Define("Muon_sip3d", "Muon_ip3d/sqrt(Muon_dxyErr*Muon_dxyErr + Muon_dzErr*Muon_dzErr)")
df_pv = df_sip3d.Filter("All(Muon_sip3d<4) && All(abs(Muon_dxy)<0.5) && All(abs(Muon_dz)<1.0)",
"Track close to primary vertex with small uncertainty")
df_2p2n = df_pv.Filter("nMuon==4 && Sum(Muon_charge==1)==2 && Sum(Muon_charge==-1)==2",
"Two positive and two negative muons")
return df_2p2n
def filter_z_candidates(df):
"""Apply selection on reconstructed Z candidates"""
df_z1_cut = df.Filter("Z_mass[0] > 40 && Z_mass[0] < 120", "Mass of first Z candidate in [40, 120]")
df_z2_cut = df_z1_cut.Filter("Z_mass[1] > 12 && Z_mass[1] < 120", "Mass of second Z candidate in [12, 120]")
return df_z2_cut
def reco_higgs_to_4el(df):
"""Reconstruct Higgs from four electrons"""
# Filter interesting events
df_base = selection_4el(df)
# Reconstruct Z systems
df_z_idx = df_base.Define("Z_idx",
"reco_zz_to_4l(Electron_pt, Electron_eta, Electron_phi, Electron_mass, Electron_charge)")
# Cut on distance between Electrons building Z systems
df_z_dr = df_z_idx.Filter("filter_z_dr(Z_idx, Electron_eta, Electron_phi)",
"Delta R separation of Electrons building Z system")
# Compute masses of Z systems
df_z_mass = df_z_dr.Define("Z_mass",
"compute_z_masses_4l(Z_idx, Electron_pt, Electron_eta, Electron_phi, Electron_mass)")
# Cut on mass of Z candidates
df_z_cut = filter_z_candidates(df_z_mass)
# Reconstruct H mass
df_h_mass = df_z_cut.Define("H_mass",
"compute_higgs_mass_4l(Z_idx, Electron_pt, Electron_eta, Electron_phi, Electron_mass)")
return df_h_mass
def selection_4el(df):
"""Select interesting events with four electrons"""
df_ge4el = df.Filter("nElectron>=4", "At least our electrons")
df_iso = df_ge4el.Filter("All(abs(Electron_pfRelIso03_all)<0.40)", "Require good isolation")
df_kin = df_iso.Filter("All(Electron_pt>7) && All(abs(Electron_eta)<2.5)", "Good Electron kinematics")
df_ip3d = df_kin.Define("Electron_ip3d", "sqrt(Electron_dxy*Electron_dxy + Electron_dz*Electron_dz)")
df_sip3d = df_ip3d.Define("Electron_sip3d",
"Electron_ip3d/sqrt(Electron_dxyErr*Electron_dxyErr + Electron_dzErr*Electron_dzErr)")
df_pv = df_sip3d.Filter("All(Electron_sip3d<4) && All(abs(Electron_dxy)<0.5) && All(abs(Electron_dz)<1.0)",
"Track close to primary vertex with small uncertainty")
df_2p2n = df_pv.Filter("nElectron==4 && Sum(Electron_charge==1)==2 && Sum(Electron_charge==-1)==2",
"Two positive and two negative electrons")
return df_2p2n
def plot(sig, bkg, data, x_label, filename):
"""
Plot invariant mass for signal and background processes from simulated
events overlay the measured data.
"""
# Canvas and general style options
ROOT.gStyle.SetOptStat(0)
ROOT.gStyle.SetTextFont(42)
d = ROOT.TCanvas("", "", 800, 700)
# Make sure the canvas stays in the list of canvases after the macro execution
ROOT.SetOwnership(d, False)
d.SetLeftMargin(0.15)
# Get signal and background histograms and stack them to show Higgs signal
# on top of the background process
h_bkg = bkg
h_cmb = sig.Clone()
h_cmb.Add(h_bkg)
h_cmb.SetTitle("")
h_cmb.GetXaxis().SetTitle(x_label)
h_cmb.GetXaxis().SetTitleSize(0.04)
h_cmb.GetYaxis().SetTitle("N_{Events}")
h_cmb.GetYaxis().SetTitleSize(0.04)
h_cmb.SetLineColor(ROOT.kRed)
h_cmb.SetLineWidth(2)
h_cmb.SetMaximum(18)
h_bkg.SetLineWidth(2)
h_bkg.SetFillStyle(1001)
h_bkg.SetLineColor(ROOT.kBlack)
h_bkg.SetFillColor(ROOT.kAzure - 9)
# Get histogram of data points
h_data = data
h_data.SetLineWidth(1)
h_data.SetMarkerStyle(20)
h_data.SetMarkerSize(1.0)
h_data.SetMarkerColor(ROOT.kBlack)
h_data.SetLineColor(ROOT.kBlack)
# Draw histograms
h_cmb.DrawCopy("HIST")
h_bkg.DrawCopy("HIST SAME")
h_data.DrawCopy("PE1 SAME")
# Add legend
legend = ROOT.TLegend(0.62, 0.70, 0.82, 0.88)
legend.SetFillColor(0)
legend.SetBorderSize(0)
legend.SetTextSize(0.03)
legend.AddEntry(h_data, "Data", "PE1")
legend.AddEntry(h_bkg, "ZZ", "f")
legend.AddEntry(h_cmb, "m_{H} = 125 GeV", "f")
legend.Draw()
# Add header
cms_label = ROOT.TLatex()
cms_label.SetTextSize(0.04)
cms_label.DrawLatexNDC(0.16, 0.92, "#bf{CMS Open Data}")
header = ROOT.TLatex()
header.SetTextSize(0.03)
header.DrawLatexNDC(0.63, 0.92, "#sqrt{s} = 8 TeV, L_{int} = 11.6 fb^{-1}")
# Save plot
d.SaveAs(filename)
# In fast mode, take samples from */cms_opendata_2012_nanoaod_skimmed/*, which has
# the preselections from the selection_* functions already applied.
path = "root://eospublic.cern.ch//eos/root-eos/cms_opendata_2012_nanoaod/"
run_fast = True # Run on skimmed data, set to False to run on full dataset
if run_fast: path = "root://eospublic.cern.ch//eos/root-eos/cms_opendata_2012_nanoaod_skimmed/"
# Create dataframes for signal, background and data samples
# Signal: Higgs -> 4 leptons
df_sig_4l = ROOT.RDataFrame("Events", path + "SMHiggsToZZTo4L.root")
# Background: ZZ -> 4 leptons
# Note that additional background processes from the original paper
# with minor contribution were left out for this
# tutorial.
df_bkg_4mu = ROOT.RDataFrame("Events", path + "ZZTo4mu.root")
df_bkg_4el = ROOT.RDataFrame("Events", path + "ZZTo4e.root")
df_bkg_2el2mu = ROOT.RDataFrame("Events", path + "ZZTo2e2mu.root")
# CMS data taken in 2012 (11.6 fb^-1 integrated luminosity)
df_data_doublemu = ROOT.RDataFrame("Events", (path + f for f in ["Run2012B_DoubleMuParked.root", "Run2012C_DoubleMuParked.root"]))
df_data_doubleel = ROOT.RDataFrame("Events", (path + f for f in ["Run2012B_DoubleElectron.root", "Run2012C_DoubleElectron.root"]))
# Number of bins for all histograms
nbins = 36
# Weights
luminosity = 11580.0 # Integrated luminosity of the data samples
xsec_ZZTo4mu = 0.077 # ZZ->4mu: Standard Model cross-section
nevt_ZZTo4mu = 1499064.0 # ZZ->4mu: Number of simulated events
xsec_ZZTo4el = 0.077 # ZZ->4el: Standard Model cross-section
nevt_ZZTo4el = 1499093.0 # ZZ->4el: Number of simulated events
xsec_ZZTo2el2mu = 0.18 # ZZ->2el2mu: Standard Model cross-section
nevt_ZZTo2el2mu = 1497445.0 # ZZ->2el2mu: Number of simulated events
xsec_SMHiggsToZZTo4L = 0.0065 # H->4l: Standard Model cross-section
nevt_SMHiggsToZZTo4L = 299973.0 # H->4l: Number of simulated events
scale_ZZTo4l = 1.386 # ZZ->4l: Scale factor for ZZ to four leptons
weight_sig_4mu = luminosity * xsec_SMHiggsToZZTo4L / nevt_SMHiggsToZZTo4L
weight_bkg_4mu = luminosity * xsec_ZZTo4mu * scale_ZZTo4l / nevt_ZZTo4mu
weight_sig_4el = luminosity * xsec_SMHiggsToZZTo4L / nevt_SMHiggsToZZTo4L
weight_bkg_4el = luminosity * xsec_ZZTo4el * scale_ZZTo4l / nevt_ZZTo4el
weight_sig_2el2mu = luminosity * xsec_SMHiggsToZZTo4L / nevt_SMHiggsToZZTo4L
weight_bkg_2el2mu = luminosity * xsec_ZZTo2el2mu * scale_ZZTo4l / nevt_ZZTo2el2mu
# Reconstruct Higgs to 4 muons
df_sig_4mu_reco = reco_higgs_to_4mu(df_sig_4l)
df_h_sig_4mu = df_sig_4mu_reco.Define("weight", "{}".format(weight_sig_4mu))\
.Histo1D(("h_sig_4mu", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
df_bkg_4mu_reco = reco_higgs_to_4mu(df_bkg_4mu)
df_h_bkg_4mu = df_bkg_4mu_reco.Define("weight", "{}".format(weight_bkg_4mu))\
.Histo1D(("h_bkg_4mu", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
df_data_4mu_reco = reco_higgs_to_4mu(df_data_doublemu)
df_h_data_4mu = df_data_4mu_reco.Define("weight", "1.0")\
.Histo1D(("h_data_4mu", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
# Reconstruct Higgs to 4 electrons
df_sig_4el_reco = reco_higgs_to_4el(df_sig_4l)
df_h_sig_4el = df_sig_4el_reco.Define("weight", "{}".format(weight_sig_4el))\
.Histo1D(("h_sig_4el", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
df_bkg_4el_reco = reco_higgs_to_4el(df_bkg_4el)
df_h_bkg_4el = df_bkg_4el_reco.Define("weight", "{}".format(weight_bkg_4el))\
.Histo1D(("h_bkg_4el", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
df_data_4el_reco = reco_higgs_to_4el(df_data_doubleel)
df_h_data_4el = df_data_4el_reco.Define("weight", "1.0")\
.Histo1D(("h_data_4el", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
# Reconstruct Higgs to 2 electrons and 2 muons
df_sig_2el2mu_reco = reco_higgs_to_2el2mu(df_sig_4l)
df_h_sig_2el2mu = df_sig_2el2mu_reco.Define("weight", "{}".format(weight_sig_2el2mu))\
.Histo1D(("h_sig_2el2mu", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
df_bkg_2el2mu_reco = reco_higgs_to_2el2mu(df_bkg_2el2mu)
df_h_bkg_2el2mu = df_bkg_2el2mu_reco.Define("weight", "{}".format(weight_bkg_2el2mu))\
.Histo1D(("h_bkg_2el2mu", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
df_data_2el2mu_reco = reco_higgs_to_2el2mu(df_data_doublemu)
df_h_data_2el2mu = df_data_2el2mu_reco.Define("weight", "1.0")\
.Histo1D(("h_data_2el2mu_doublemu", "", nbins, 70, 180), "H_mass", "weight")
# RunGraphs allows to run the event loops of the separate RDataFrame graphs
# concurrently. This results in an improved usage of the available resources
# if each separate RDataFrame can not utilize all available resources, e.g.,
# because not enough data is available.
ROOT.RDF.RunGraphs([df_h_sig_4mu, df_h_bkg_4mu, df_h_data_4mu,
df_h_sig_4el, df_h_bkg_4el, df_h_data_4el,
df_h_sig_2el2mu, df_h_bkg_2el2mu, df_h_data_2el2mu])
# Get histograms (does not rerun the event loop)
signal_4mu = df_h_sig_4mu.GetValue()
background_4mu = df_h_bkg_4mu.GetValue()
data_4mu = df_h_data_4mu.GetValue()
signal_4el = df_h_sig_4el.GetValue()
background_4el = df_h_bkg_4el.GetValue()
data_4el = df_h_data_4el.GetValue()
signal_2el2mu = df_h_sig_2el2mu.GetValue()
background_2el2mu = df_h_bkg_2el2mu.GetValue()
data_2el2mu = df_h_data_2el2mu.GetValue()
# Make plots
plot(signal_4mu, background_4mu, data_4mu, "m_{4#mu} (GeV)", "higgs_4mu.pdf")
plot(signal_4el, background_4el, data_4el, "m_{4e} (GeV)", "higgs_4el.pdf")
plot(signal_2el2mu, background_2el2mu, data_2el2mu, "m_{2e2#mu} (GeV)", "higgs_2el2mu.pdf")
# Combined plots
# If this was done before plotting the others, calling the `Add` function
# on the `signal_4mu` histogram would modify the underlying `TH1D` object.
# Thus, the histogram with the 4 muons reconstruction would be lost,
# instead resulting in the same plot as the aggregated histograms.
h_sig_4l = signal_4mu
h_sig_4l.Add(signal_4el)
h_sig_4l.Add(signal_2el2mu)
h_bkg_4l = background_4mu
h_bkg_4l.Add(background_4el)
h_bkg_4l.Add(background_2el2mu)
h_data_4l = data_4mu
h_data_4l.Add(data_4el)
h_data_4l.Add(data_2el2mu)
# Plot aggregated histograms
plot(h_sig_4l, h_bkg_4l, h_data_4l, "m_{4l} (GeV)", "higgs_4l.pdf")
if __name__ == "__main__":
winID h TVirtualViewer3D TVirtualGLPainter char TVirtualGLPainter plot
Option_t Option_t TPoint TPoint const char GetTextMagnitude GetFillStyle GetLineColor GetLineWidth GetMarkerStyle GetTextAlign GetTextColor GetTextSize void char Point_t Rectangle_t WindowAttributes_t Float_t Float_t Float_t Int_t Int_t UInt_t UInt_t Rectangle_t Int_t Int_t Window_t TString Int_t GCValues_t GetPrimarySelectionOwner GetDisplay GetScreen GetColormap GetNativeEvent const char const char dpyName wid window const char font_name cursor keysym reg const char only_if_exist regb h Point_t winding char text const char depth char const char Int_t count const char ColorStruct_t color const char Pixmap_t Pixmap_t PictureAttributes_t attr const char char ret_data h unsigned char height h Atom_t Int_t ULong_t ULong_t unsigned char prop_list Atom_t Atom_t Atom_t Time_t format
ROOT's RDataFrame offers a modern, high-level interface for analysis of data stored in TTree ,...
unsigned int RunGraphs(std::vector< RResultHandle > handles)
Trigger the event loop of multiple RDataFrames concurrently.
Date
July 2019
Authors
Stefan Wunsch (KIT, CERN), Vincenzo Eduardo Padulano (UniMiB, CERN)

Definition in file df103_NanoAODHiggsAnalysis.py.